I.ol'lloliliANCIIS. 



(Hi?, 



excluded ciiilirNos on tlieir ventral side. In tiie .ureat 

 majority of cases it is the males that have to jxM'tbrni 

 this duty, just as the males of the Pycnogonoid fa- 

 mily carry the luuiiis of eggs on their feet. IWit in 

 SoloKistomit.s the \-entral tins of the female coalesce 



longitudiiialh with the xcntral side so as to form a 

 sac, in which the I'ei'tilized eggs arc stoi-ed and de\'e- 

 loped. 



Of the two families of this series there occurs in 

 the .Scandinavian fauna onh' the 



1am s vncjnathid e. 



The ijrcatcr part af the murfi'm of Ihr liidiicliioslcf/dl iiiinilndiii- ifiiitcd hi the IkhIii. h'(iriii(/ ii»Ii/ at tlie top, above 

 and just ln'h'nid the end of flic opcniiliim. ti sukiII, fss/irc-li/if (/ill-ojiciiiii;/ on each side. 



This family, as defined" by Kali''', includes 

 gi'cat majority of the Lophobrauchs, with about 

 species, distributed among 15 genera. 



tlie 



lAO 



All the Syn- 



"•nathoids that occur in the Scandinavian Fauna, ijclong 

 t(j Gi'NTiiEu's'' subfamily Si/nffiiathii/te, which is dis- 

 tinguished from the Sea-horses (Hijipocaiiijiiiue) — with 

 their descending (prone) head, elevated occiput, and 

 more or less tumid body — liy an eveidv elongated 

 form of b()(h , with the head prolonged in the same 

 direction as the trunk and with the latter only slightly 

 thicker than the caudal jiart. In the Si/i/r/i/afhiiKe. too, 

 the tail .is never so developed into a prehensile organ 

 as in tlie Hippocampi ixe. 



The above-mentioned rings ftirmed by the plate- 

 armour of the l)ody are composed (tig. Ifi'.t) on the 





Fig. 169. Sclieiiiatic transverse section of a Stjn(jiiatlni.-<. Magnified. 



After MoREAU. A, transverse section of the trunk: 1 — 1', 2 — 2', 



and 3 — 3' the paired plates; 4, the ventral plate. B, transverse 



section of the tail. 



trunk (ill front of the vent) of 7, 8, or 9, and on 

 the tail (beliind the vent) ot (i or 4 pilates, so ar- 

 ranged that the former make up 3 or, at the end of 



jilates are bent at greater or less angles, longitudinal 

 cariiue are foi'iued on the sides of the body, three on 

 each side of tiie tiaiiik or even to tlie termination of 

 the dorsal tin, and two on each side of the tail, where 

 its section is quadrangular. Hut in many cases the said 

 angularity is slight or absent, while the skin that covers 

 the plates grows comparatively thick, rendering the 

 body smoother, the plates and carinaa more indistinct 

 or even imperceptible. 



As in the i-est of the J.o|»liobranchs and a great 

 proportion of the Hemibranchs, the snout is elongated 

 and liears at the tip the gajie, wdiich is almost vertical 

 when closed, with the ascending under-jaw forming the 

 extreme margin of the head in front. In the Deep- 

 nosed Pipefish {Si/iii/iiiithiis ti/phle) the elongation of 

 the snout is produced in the following manner. The 

 ethmovomerine part is elongated like a staff, and coasted 

 below by the long and narrow parasphenoid bone, while 

 the frontal bones extend forward aliove in the form of 

 long and narro\v covering-bones over about half of the 

 said elongation. The hyomandibular bone is an oblong, 

 (luadrangular but irregular, vertically set disk, which 

 is united at a right angle lielow with the abnormally 

 developed os symplecticnm, which is directed forward, 

 extends below- the eyes, and sends out a branch obli- 

 quely upward towai'ds the lateral ethmoid (prefrontal) 

 lione, while a second, still longer, horizontal branch 

 meets a process in a backward direction from the 

 quadrate bone. This horizontal branch of the sympilee- 



the trunk, 4 pairs and an unpaired ventral plate, which ticum is partly naked (without covering bones) exter- 



disappears behind the vent, while either the uppermost \ nally, but is covered behind and below, throughout the 



or the lowest pair disappears either behind the end of j greater portion of its extent, by the preoperculum. The 



the dorsal fin or even behind the vent. .\s the i)aired I vertical (posterior) branch of the ])reoperculum lies 



" The family 6';/ii;/n(itliiit< 

 exclude the Sea-horses. 



'' Cat. Lopliobr. Fi.sli. Brit. Mux. (18.",0), v 

 ' Cat. Brit. M,is., F/W(., vol. VIII, p. 153. 



establislicd by BoNAP.MiTii (C<it. Mttoil. Pesc. Eur., 184(;. p. Sit) was diiferently defined, so as to 



Scandinnv 



Fishe. 



