720 



SCANDINAVIAN KISIIES. 



one liMud to an elongation of the base of the dorsal tin, but 

 with this base more and more reduced the nearer the 

 series approaches to Leucisrns, on the other hand to almost 

 as great an elongation of the base of the anal fin. By 

 coinbiniiig the expressions of these changes we find one 

 division, the subfaniih' of tlie Carps, corresponding to 

 Klein's" genus CijpriiHis, in all the forms of which the 

 dorsal fin is at least ' ., (up to 4' '„ times) longer than 

 the anal, another divisi(ju, within which the base of the 

 dorsal fill measures at most about i;H) %'', but some- 

 times no more than 70 % of the length of the base of 

 the anal fin, and a third division, within which this 

 ])ercentage lies l)etween (10 and "i.'!. The last two di- 

 \isioiis, which comprise the maiorit\' of our Cvprinoids, 

 iiuiA' also be defined b\- ;i t'oiuparison between the lengths 

 of the lower jaw and of the l)as(.' of the anal fin. In 

 the former group, the subfaniiU' of the Roaches, Klein's'' 

 genus Leiiciscus, the length of tlie lower jaw measures 

 as a rule perceptibly more than half of the base of the 

 anal fin; but the proportion is subject to a change of 

 growth'' which approximates this group to the latter 

 one, essentially corresponding to Klein's' genus Brama, 

 the subfamily of the Bleaks and Breams, within \\hieh 

 division the length of the lower jaw may indeed .sink 

 to about '/- of the base of the anal fin, but may also 

 rise at least to 48 % thereof. On tHbse grounds we 

 therefore distinguish among all the forms that in this 

 respect have attained a fixed character'' — which is the 

 case in all the Scandinavian species — three subfamilies: 



A : Dorsal iiu considerably longer than 



the aniil, length of the base of the 



latter at most 75 % (sometimes only 



21 fi) of that of the base of the former Subfamily Ci/piiidna'. 

 B: Dorsal and anal fins of fairly equal 



length, minimum length of the base 



of the latter at least 77 'i of that of 



the base oftho former, minimum length 



of the base of the former at least 70 % 



of that of the base of the latter Subfamily Lenciscina-. 



C: Anal lin considerably longer than the 

 dorsal, length of the base of the latter 

 at most ()0 % (sometimes only 23 ?i) 

 of that of the base of the former.. Subfamily Ahrainidhwe. 



The knowledge of the Scandinavian Cyprinoids has 

 ))een of fundamental service in the determination of the 

 other h^uropean forms of this family, and the first edition 

 of SanidiiKirian Fifiheft was of great importance from 

 this point of view. Fkies and 1->k.si'I!(i.\i there jtrefaced 

 their diagnosis by a general summary of what their pre- 

 decessors, from AnTEDi, had accomplished to the same 

 end, and this summarv is even now not witliout interest. 



.\ktedi, they wrote, who described with an accuracy 

 unparalleled in Ids time all the indigenous piscine spe- 

 cies which he had the opportunity of seeing and ob- 

 serving in nature, adopted'' sixteen Swedish .species of 

 the genus (_'i/prinus: 



Iden (the "kh;"), in modern times Leuciscus idtts, 



Sarfren (the Rnd<\), „ 



Morfrn (the lioach), „ 



Sf(h)niirii (the Dace), ,, 



Saiidkri/paren (the 



Gudgeon), ,, 



Aspen (the "Asp"), ,, 



Lojan (the Bleak), ,, 



Vimhaii (the 



"Zilrthe"), „ 



Tljorkiitin (the 



White Bream), ,, 



liraxcii (the Bream), „ 



Flirim (the "Zope"), ,, 



Scardinius enjtlir- 



iijil/tl/aJmiis, 



J.ciicisciis nitihis, 

 Leuciscus f/rislar/ine, 



(johid jfnr/ntilis, 

 Asj)ius rapax, 

 Alhuymis lucidus, 



Abniiiiis rinibci, 



Ahrdm'is hiicca, 

 Ahramis hrama, 

 Afnamis haUerus, 



Fareii, which has proved to be merely a nominal species, 

 Karpcii (the Carp), in modern times Ci/piiiuis cfopio, 

 Sufareii (the Tench), ,, „ 

 jRudan (the Crucian 



Elritsaii (til 



Mil 



0, 



Tinea vulqaris, 

 Cjiprhius carossius, 

 I'hoxiinis (iphi/a. 



" Hist. Pise. Nat., Miss. V, p. 08. 



* According to our measurements almost 122%; but Kboyek mentions a Roach in wliifli the base of tlie dorsal fin measured 129% of tliatof theanal. 



■^ L. c., p. 64, with the exclusion, however, of the Bleaks. 



'' In large Kudd the percentage may siidi to 51. 



'■ L. c, p. 61, with the exclusion, however, of the Rndd and Tench. 



■' In the above-mentioned hybrid, tlie tierman Leiler, which also occurs in Scandinavia, the length of the lower jaw is sometimes 

 rather more, sometimes less than half the length of the base of the anal fin. 



" In genera whicli presumably stand nearer the original forms of tlie family, this character has not accpiired the same degree of con- 

 stancy as in those which have advanced further in the differentiation of form. So, for example, the above taxonomic relation seems to give 

 a sexual diiference in the Bitterling (Rhodens amarus), to judge by the 6 specimens which the Royal Museum has received through Professor 

 SlEBOLD from the River 111 at Strasburg. In the four females among these specimens the length of the base of the anal fin is at most 75 °i 

 (70 — 75 K) of that of the base of the dorsal tin, while in the two males this percentage is respectively 77 and 81 °i. 



'' Descr. tSpec. Pise, pp. 6 — HI. Together with the excellent descriptions the Swedish names m.iy serve in the first place to deter- 

 mine these species. 



