darker; on the sides yellow, shifting into ;\ numlKT of 

 bri"'lit lilies. The iris is yelli)\v, with line, dark dots 

 and M diirk spot above the [jupil. The dorsal and eaudal 

 fins are dark olive gray, the ibrnicr entirely plain, the 

 latter more or less reddish at the base of the lower 

 lobe. The ventral and anal tins are carnation, with 

 pale base and niariiin. Tiie jieetor;d lins are pale, with 

 a faint tinge of red. In n/ifiimn the ground-colour is 

 whiter, with hardly any lirassy lusti-e, and the pig- 

 ment of the scales lighter, sometimes imperceptil)le. Tlie 

 iris is silvery white, with a fine, brassy yellow ring 

 round the jjupil and a dark spot above the latter. The 

 figure (Plate XXXII, tig. 1) represents a male assuming 

 the spawning-dress, and is drawn from a specimen 

 taken in tiie Baltic island-licit. 



Tile young Ide (Plate XXX^^ tig. 1), known in the 

 islands round Morko as idpliif/i/ and lamiare, in other 

 localities as idhani. skall-id. i/all-id, etc., dift'ers in se- 

 veral respects from the adult form. It is somewhat 

 plumper in appearance. The iiead is larger in propor- 

 tion to the length of the body. The dorsal margin and 

 the occiput form an almost continuous curve. The snout 

 is rather prominent, extending almost in front of the 

 margin of the upper jaw (the intermaxillaries). The 

 first simple ray in the dorsal and anal tins is generally 

 imiierceptible. The liody is yellowish wliite, the back 

 darker witii bright greenish tinge, tiie occiput dark. 

 The tins are light and somewhat reddish, especially 

 the ventral and anal, wliich in front shade more or 

 less distinctly into red. 



The Gold Ide, Lixxjeus's Cijpriinis or/us, a product 

 of Central and Southern (jermany and of Austria, is a 

 variety often kept in ponds and aquaria. 



The range of the Ide extends throughout all the 

 countries of Central, Northern, and Eastern Europe as 

 well as the west of Silieria". In Great Britain and Ire- 

 land, in Switzerland and the countries bordering on the 

 Mediterranean, and, according to Grimm, in the Cau- 

 casus, the Ide is wanting. In Fi'ance it is rare. In 

 Sweden it is spread almost everywhere, from Tornea 

 I-.appmark to Scania. It is also common throughout 

 Finland, and Lill.jeborg found it at Archangel; but in 

 Norwa)- Lake Mjosen, according to Collett is the 

 northern limit of its extension. In Denmark the Ide, 



•.. 7(;7 



wliicii is tliere called Eiiul, has been found onl\' on 

 tiie islands of Pi'inen and Zealand. 



In Sweden the Ide occurs in all the great lakes and 

 the waters connected with them or with the Baltic and 

 the Sound. But it is not ei[ually jiliMitifiil everywhere. 

 In the Muonio VM\ wiiicii river, according to L.i':sTAnnjs 

 and W. V. W'liiiair, the Ide a.scends to Karesuando 

 (GS° ;30' N. hit.), it is somewhat rare. This seems to 

 b(^ i.\u'. case wherever it occurs in Laitpinark. In Jeint- 

 land it is coinmon, according to ()[.ss(in, at many places 

 in tlie lowlands, but not in the highland lakes. Th(! 

 Ide is most plentiful in tiie eastern provinces of Cen- 

 tral Sweden, especially to the lee of the island-belt and 

 in the fresh water running seaward from the coast. Off 

 riuthland it cannot be called rare, esjiecially in th(^ 

 month of April, according to Lixdstkiim, when Ide are 

 taken in great numbers at the mouths of the rivers. 



The favourite haunts of the Ide are large lakes 

 and the inner part of the island-belt, wliere the ^\•ater 

 is not too salt. In small lakes it is less frequently met 

 with. From these haunts, where it passes the winter 

 in deep water, it ascends early in the spring, soon after 

 the lireaking up of the ice, towards the shore, and re- 

 pairs to the mouths of the rivers and brooks where it 

 intends to spawn. At this season it is known by the 

 fishermen as the Ice-fish (is/isk). 



Tlie spawning generally takes place in Central 

 Sweden about the end of April. The males, mustered 

 in large shoals, lead the way to the spawning-place, 

 which is chosen in very shallow rivers, brooks, and 

 meres, often where narrow ditches are the only jinth 

 open to them. During these migrations, which are often 

 attended with the greatest difficulties, the Ide displays 

 great strength, surmounting most of the obstacles to its 

 progress, and skilful in avoiding the traps set in its 

 way. Like the Salmon, it leaps with ease over stones, 

 logs, and small cascades, and when the water gro^vs so 

 shallow that further advance seems impos.sible, to the 

 surprise of the observer the fish turns on its side, and 

 thus pursues its course. When such obstacles bar its 

 progress, it pauses for a while, as though deliberating 

 what path to adopt. Meanwhile several of its comrades 

 have come up, and when one of the company has plucked 

 up courage and darted ahead, the otliers at once follow 



" According to Pallas the Ide is common in Silieria east to Lake Baikal and tlie Lena; but wlietUer his statement really applies to 

 tbis species, is somewbat doubtful, as Pallas refers the fish in question to Block's Plate XXXV'I in Fische Deutschlands. During Norden- 

 skiold's expedition of 1876, however, an Ide 47 cm. long was taken by Theel and Trybom in the Yenisei off GoroRchinskoje. 



SoOBrfinni'wn Fishes. 9" 



