769 



Hand-iK'ts (//«/) are also used, between two weirs or | by accident: it usually steals out of the swcpp of tl 



dains built across the stream. The upper weir is kept 

 shut, the lower being ojx'ued at intervals, until the 

 iishernian sees that a sntficient miniber of fish have 

 passed, wlien it is suddenly closed, and the fish are 

 netted. The Ide is also taken in gill-nets, which are 

 set in spring along its route to the spawning-place, 

 and in autunui in shnlluw c(i\es. Tlicy are seldom 

 used in sunuuer; but wlien tliis is done, tlie}' are shot 

 in deep water off stony and shady shores. At these 

 latter places the Ide is caught throughout the summer 

 with the 'sinking rod' (mnk.'ipo). The hook is baited 

 with grasshoppers, the shelled tails of crayfish, worms, 

 and, above all, beetles, the legs and wing-cases being 

 first removed. The seine is employed, especially during 

 spring, in shallow inlets near the spawning-place. In 

 summer the Ide is seldom taken in the seine, and then 



.seine, and if no other courfse be open to it, turns on 

 its side close to the bottom and lets the net pass over 

 it. T\u'. us(! of tlie ice-seine (eckelnot) is confined to the 

 ishuid-bch, hill' ill autunui, as soon as the ice on the 

 sliallow, innca'most coves is strong enough to ])ear the 

 fisherman's weight. This net is hauled close in shore, 

 in very shallow water, where the Ide assemble lieforc 

 withdrawing to their winter-quarters in the (h'])tlis. 

 Tlie ide miiy also be speared })}• toreldiglit on dark 

 and calm evenings in autumn. As it never keeps still, 

 always moving about, considerable skill and practice 

 arc; recpiired to strike the fish. It is seldom and onl\ 

 by cliance that tli(! Ide is caught on pole lines (sfaiif/- 

 krok) baited with small fish. 



(Ekstrom, Smitt.) 



THE CHUB (sw. farnan or haenackan). 

 LEUCISCUS CEPHALUS. 



Plate XXXII, fig. :■,. 



Scali'fi ill tlie lateral Vine aliDiit 45 {44 — 4(j"). BraiicJied nii/s in tlie dorsal _fin 8''. Least depth of the jiediiiirle 



of the tail more than 43 % {47 ?h) of its length, at the middle, or about equal to the lengfli of the base of the 



dorsal fii. Outer {loiver posterior) margin of the anal fin convex. Pharyngeal teeth hooked at the tip, iritli sharp 



or irorn, not very marked, and more or less distinctly granulated masticatory surface: 2, ~> — '>, 2. 



\> 





Fig. 101. Pharyngeal bones and pliaryiigeal cartilage of Leiiciscus ceplidhis, natural size, u, b, and f as in the preceding figure: 



(/, the hindmost tooth seen from in frunt. 



R. hr. 3: D. 



(7)8' ^' 8 — 9 



' ■ " nh-.' '■ 



" 42 — 46, according to GCnther. 



43—48, „ „ Day. 



39 — 45. ,. „ Steindachner. 



' In exceptional cases 7. 



' „ „ „ 7, according to Heckel, see Krover. 



'' Sometimes IG, according to Ekstrom and Kroyer. 

 ' In exceptional cases 10. 

 ■^ 42, according to Kroyer; 43 — 45, according to Fatio. 



