CKAVI.INi;. 



8K7 



to alnmt :i lino with llic ;iiiteriui- cxtrciiiitx- of tin' pel- 

 vic hones, wlieiv it lieiids aliniiitiy t'orwMi-d, so tliat tiie 

 end i>t' the ]>yloriis lies in almiit .i line with the ter- 

 mination iif the first third of tlie pectoral fins when at 

 rest. TIh' anterior liend of the intestine with its nunie- 

 rnns ]i\loi'ir a|)|iendaL;es rnns npwards and sliiihth' to 

 the riiiiit, lint tnrns with eipial alii'n|itness just liehind 

 the diaphragm, whence the intestine proceeds \\'ithout 

 t'ui'ther curvature to the \ent. Almost exactl)' in a line 

 with the insertions of the ventral fins, the intestine 

 passes into th<' rectum, ^vhi(•h is lined, as in the Sal- 

 HUins, with larue, annular, trans\erse folds. The liver 

 is coniparati\el\" small, and lies onh' in the left side of 

 the hodv. It extends hack hardly to a line with the 

 tips of the pectoral fins when folded. The spleen lies 

 obliquelv to the right of the stomachic hend and hehind 

 thi.s ])oint, directed toward.s the left. Its size varies, as 

 in the Salmons, according to the greater or less deve- 

 lojinient of the generative organs". The air-hladder is 

 thin-walled, liut large, extending along the whole dor- 

 sal margin of the ahdominal cavit^'. 



The ilrayling is strictly a mountain fisii, and pre- 

 fers clear, rapid streams and their dead water, with a 

 hottoiu of sand or gravel. The hest |)lacc to look for 

 it is, therefore, in waters \vliere falls altei'uate \\'ith 

 deep i)ools or hroads. But it also roves into lakes, and 

 is found even in the sea, where the water is brackish 

 and of a temperature suited to its re(]uirenients. As a 

 general rule we may say that, where the common Trout 

 ran thrive, the Grayling is also at home; but they are 

 seldom met with in company. The geographical range 

 of the (iravling also endiraces the greater part of Europe. 

 \\ hether it occurs in Asia, and how far its range ex- 

 tends there, is as yet uncertain, for the (iraylings brought 

 home from the Yenisei by Xokdknskioli)'.s expedition 

 in lS7(i, proved to belong to the closely related species 

 which Pallas once named Saltno Krcticus, and which is 

 jirobably identical with the North American Grayling. 



In Europe the Grayling is most plentiful in Lap- 

 land, the alpine tracts of Central Europe, and England. 

 According to L^stadiis' manuscript (1831) it is fairly 

 common in all the rivers and lakes of Tornea Lapp- 

 mark, up to the extreme north of Sweden (Kilpisjarvi, 

 (J9° X.). According to F.iellneij (MS in the Roval Mu- 



seum) it is plentiful in duc'kasj.'irxi. It seems to occur 

 moi-e spai-ingh' in the lower parts of the Lapland rivers. 

 In 'lemtland, according to (,)lssox, it goes up to the 

 Norwegian frontier. In Lake Fla and in Stroms Vattudal 

 it is an im|iortaiit food-lish. The Ilarr Lakes (liarr ^ 

 (il■a^■ling) on the Eulafjiill in Northern haleearlia derive 

 their name from its abundance in their waters: an<l 

 throughout tiie Hal k.lf it is fairly common. It also 

 occurs in tiie K'lar L.lf, most plentifully in its upper 

 (northern) jiarts and in the lakes on its course. Accord- 

 ing to Hn(;i!i:i:(;'s notes in 1S3.") (MS in the Iio\al Mu- 

 seum), a certain form is here known as SuinUtayr, which 

 appears to be a small Gra\'ling al)out 'li cm. long. 

 Accoi'ding to Xoi;iiA("K a distinction is drawn between 

 the F/(i(lli(iir (I>i\ei' (JraNling), whicli is short and thick, 

 with convex back and of dark coloration, and which 

 jn-efers comparativel)' still water, and the Sfrcimhorr 

 (Sti'cam (irajding), which is longer and more slender, of 

 mor(> slender frame and lighter coloration, and which 

 fretpients falls and the water beside them. \\'ii)i:gi{EN as- 

 signs the Grayling to Lake Wener. From Lake \\'etfei' 

 the Royal Museum receiyed this fish through Hall in 

 IS.'Vi, and Aiio.sKNius forwarded s])eciinens in 1834 from 

 the ^lotala River oft' Norrkoping''. Further south the 

 Grayling is rarer in Sweden; l)ut it occurs in Smaland 

 and in llalland', at least in the Laga River, where it 

 is known, according to Tkybom, as the Haspo. 



In Norway its range is no less extensive, but ap- 

 parently still more sporadic. South of the Dovre Fjeld 

 it is found, according to Collett, oidy in the waters 

 of the Oster Valley and the Gudbrand Valley, but there 

 is rather ])lentiful. Along the west coast it is wanting, 

 but finds its way through the Lesjeverks-water on the 

 Rauma Elf almost to the mouth of this river in Runs- 

 dal Fjord. From this point north to Finmark the Gray- 

 ling is known only from some waters in the parish of 

 Lierne (North Trondhjcm), in the \'efsen Elf (Nordland), 

 and in the valle\- of the Maal F.lf. It is common, how- 

 evei-. in manv, though not in all, of the rivers in Fin- 

 mark. According to Mela it is common throughout 

 the greater ])art of Finland, Init \\-anting in the south- 

 ern districts, where it occurs but sparingly in Nyland 

 alone. Towards the head of the Gulf of Bothnia it is 

 common, both inside ancl outside the island-belt: but 



iinle 



L'ln. long, witli testes liardlv lipi 



" Knoviii; fi.iiiul it small .iml roiiiul. In 

 frout, and 58 mm. long. 



' Smitt, Riksm. Halmoiiid., lab. inetr. VIII. 



"■ Umlerd. Bel. Ny Fiskeristaclsa, 1883, p. 155. See also LiLUEBOiiG, 1. c., p. G74. 



oblong, ratlier blunt bcliind. pointed in 



