909 



in ii'rt'iiular dark spots. Soinetiincs tlir |)C'ctoral tins 

 iire of a |ilain uTa^ish red, while all I lie others are 

 black, niiriiiii' t\\c spiiwiiing-season the scales of the 

 sides, iniisi coiiiiiioid\- helow the lateral line, are coated 

 witli dcriuai tuljercles, such as wt' Ikuc noticed in the 

 Cvprinoids. These tuhercies, of a white or reddish 

 gray colour, form ionuitudinal rows (see Plate XLII, 

 jjir. 4), one to each row of scales, hut tiie\- are not 

 present on all the I'ows of scales, sometimes onh' on 

 5, sonietinu's (jn as man\" as K), most nf them helow 

 the lateral line. They are sometimes present both in 

 males and females, sometimes only in the males; and 

 many hreedina' Gw\"iiiads, even males, in the same 

 shoal are without them". 



The (iwyniad, as we have already mentioned, is 

 spread throughout Sweden; and the rule is that the 

 Udsikar belong to fresh water, the fcffiikar to the sea, 

 the rivers flowing into the sea, and the great lakes. 

 So in this respect too the relation between the two 

 main groups of Gwyniad forms is fully analogous to 

 that between fnifta and salar among the Salmons. The 

 range of the (Twvniad iiroliabh- extends over all 

 northern countries both of the ( )ld and Xe\v Worlds''. 

 Throughout Finland and Norway the species occurs; 

 but in the latter country, according to Collett, its 

 range is interrupted between Trondhjem and 'J'romso, 

 which is also the case with several other tresh-water 

 fishes. In Denmark, where it is called ffeelf and Sikc- 

 hel (the (lerman ScJniapel = Sw. iialibsik), it is common 

 on the mainland, less so on the islands and round 

 their coasts. It is also common throughout Germany 

 north of the Alps — where it Ijeai's man^' names. Jfa- 

 rune, Bhiiifclrhe)i, Beiike, Kilch, etc. — and in the 

 Baltic Provinces of Russia. But in South-eastern 

 Europe it is wanting. In Switzerland it occurs in the 

 mniierons forms ("24 sub-species) described by F.xtio. 

 In Savoy it inhabits the Lac du Bourget; and it has 

 been introduced in recent times into Lakes Maggiore 

 and ('omo on the southern slope of the Al])s. In 

 France proper, with the exception of the most eastern 

 districts, it is wanting; but to the iish-market of Paris, 

 where it is known b\- the name of 0/ifiI, it is supplied 

 from Belgium and Holland, where in its iidhbsik form. 



called f/(ii(lii/(/ and AdcUixili. it .inhabits the North 

 Sea and the Zuider Zee and ascends the Rhine. In 

 Kngland it is common in L'lleswater ;iiid the other 

 Cumbrian lakes, u[> to a height of 2,()()U feet above 

 the sea-le\el, being here known as the Schelly, in 

 Scotland it iidi;d)its Lake Lomond, where it is called 

 the Powaii, and in the Welsh lakes it bears the name 

 of the Gw\iiiiHl. The lloutiiig form has been taken 

 on the east and south coasts of England. The North 

 American White-lish has its true habitat in the region 

 of the (ireat Lakes, but its range extends to the Arctic 

 Ocean. But in Greerdand and Iceland the species is 

 unknown. 



In this wide geograi)hical extension there are three 

 centres where the Gwyniad attains its most robust 

 development: Sibeiia, the Baltic countries, and the 

 basin of the Great Lakes in North .\merica. The lirst 

 home of the species lay in the north, and to the south- 

 ern tracts in the interior of Europe where it now oc- 

 curs, it had free access during the (ilacial Period. 

 But when the waterways became landlocked, and the 

 extent of the seas was reduced, it was compelled to 

 adapt itself to the various environments of its abode, 

 and it has thus been ditt'erentiated into a number of 

 forms which cannot, however, be distinguished by con- 

 stant characters. 



"The (iwvniad's habits," writes Ekstrom of the 

 Baltic form, "differ little from the Salmons. Like 

 the latter it ascends from deeji water in the spawning- 

 season, and is said to observe a cei-tain order in its 

 evolutions." "The roading (xwyniads, ' wrote Gisler 

 from Norrland, "gather in shoals with such consent 

 that hardly a single fish can be found on the coast 

 between the shoals. They mostly repair to the coast 

 in violent gales from the south and south-east, which 

 drive them into fjords and estuaries. As soon as the 

 wind veers to the west, they ascend the rivers with 

 eager haste, and are then observed to shape their 

 course in two wings or lines converging to a [loint, 

 as is related of the Salmon'." "In the island-belt of 

 Morko," continues Ekstrom, "the Gwyniad ascends from 

 deej) water, where it has passed the winter, in spring- 

 time, w'hen the Baltic Herring spawns. It follows the 



" According to Gisler they are wanting in the males which first reach the spawning-place. 



*• Bean {Cat. Coll. Fish. Exh. hij U. S. Nat. Mus., Gt. Intern. Fish. Exhib. London 1883, p. 8) and Turner (I'ontrib. .\at. Hint. 

 Alaska, Arct. Ser. Pnbl. Sign. Serv. U. S. Army, No. II. p. 104) mention Coregoiius clupeiformis (albns) from Alaska: and as we have 

 stated above, we know of no specific difference between this firm and our European Gwyniad. 



*■ See above. 



