954 



SCANDINAVIAN FISHES. 



THE HERRING (.s^v. sii.les.) 

 CLUPEA HAREXGUS. 



Plates XLIII, fig. 1 aiKl XLIV, tig. 1. 



Len/iili of flic hcifie af flir anal Jin less than ' \ of tlic distance hetireen the ventral fins and the tip of the snout" 

 Xandier of spines at the ventral marr/in {hettreen the isthmus and the vent) 36 — 48''. 



3—5 



-(18— 200; A. 



-3(4) 



-(10—18''); 



(13)14—16(17) (12)13—16(17) 



; V. ~ — —/, C. ,r -I- 1 -f 1 7 -M +.r\ L.lat. (56)60—66(70); 

 58^'. 



15 — 17«' 7—8 

 L. tr. 15 — 10; Vert. 51 



S>jn. Hareng (Chalcidis species) p. p., Belon., Nat., Divers. Poi'ss., 

 p. 168; Jlarengtis, Rondel., De Pise, lib. VII, cap. XVI; 

 Gesn., Hist. Anim., lib. IV, p. 408; Sohonev., Ichtliyol. 

 S'lesv. Holsat., p. 36; Neucrantz, De Harengo, Liibecaa 

 1654; WiLLUGHD., Hist. Pise, p. 219, tab. P. 1, fig. 2. 

 Cliipea maxilla inferiore longiore, maculis nigris carens. Art., 

 Iclithi/ol., Geji., p. 7; Syn. p. 14; Spec, p. 31; Lin., Fna 

 Siiec, ed. I, png. 120; GlssL., Vet.-Akad. Handl. 1748, p. 

 107. Dl:h.«i., Tr. Gen. Pe'clies, part. II, sect. Ill, p. 335. 

 Clnpea Harengus, Lin., Syst. Nat., ed. X, torn. I, p. 317; 

 Penn., Brit. Zool., ton). Ill, p. 294, tab. LXVIII, N:r 100 

 ed. London, (1776) (+ Wliitc-bait., p. 325, tab. LXIX. X:r 

 176, quail) specicni Vijpriin generis censiiit); Faer., Fna 

 Groenl., p. 182; Bl., FiscJi. DeutsM., part. I, p. 186, 

 tab. XXIX, fig. 1; Retz., Fna Suec. Lin., p. 352; Lacbp., 

 Hist. Nat. Poi.ss., toni. V, p. 427; Sw., Palmstr,, Sv. Zool., 

 Bd. I, N:r 22; Pall., Zoogr. Ross. Asiat., torn. Ill, p. 

 209; NiLSS., Prodr. fchth. Scand., p. 23; Ekstr., Vet.- 

 Akad. Handl. 1834, p. 20; Ofvers. Vet.-Akad. Forh. 1844. 

 pp. 82 et 119; Yaer., Brit. Fisli., ed. I, vol. II, p. 110 

 (+ Clupea Learhii, p. 117 4-67. alha, p. 126); Parn., 

 Mem. Wern. Soc., vol. VII, j,. 315, tab. XXXV; Cuv., 

 Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. XX, p. 30, tab. 591 (+ Olnpea 

 Leacliii, ex Yarr., ji. 243 -I- Vliipea elongata, ex Lesoeub, 

 p. 247 + Clupea Pallasii, p. 253 + Rogenia alba, ex 

 Yarr., p. 341); Kn., Damn. Fish., vol. Ill, p. 138;. Nilss., 

 Strand. Fna, Fish., p. 491; Sundev., Stockh. L. Hush. 

 Sallsk. Handl. 1855, pp. 81, 96, 187; Mant;, Finl. Fiskfna, 

 p. 67; LiNDSTH., Gotl. Fsk:, Gotl. L. Hnsli. Sallsk. Arsbcr. 

 1866, p. 19 (sep.); V. Bemsi. in Herkl., Bouwst. Fna Ne- 

 derl, part. Ill, p. 380; Gtiir, Vat. Brit. Miis., Fish., vol. 

 VII, p. 415; BOECK, Silden, Sildef., I, Clirnia 1871; Sabs, 

 Indher. Dep. Indre, 1872, p. 5; Coll., Forh. Vid. Selsk. 

 Chrnia 1874, Tilliegsh., p. 185; 1879, N:r 1, p. 97; N. 

 Mag. Naturv. Clirnia, Bd. 29 (1884), p. Ill; Malm, Gigs 

 Boh. Fna, p. 570; Lixur.., Bih. Vet.-Akad. HandL, Bd. 3, 

 No. 4; HcKE, ]*,„•. Ilrr.. Kiel. Comniiss., IV— VI Jahrg., 



p. 37; VII Jalirg., p. 59; Winth., Naturh. Tidskr. Kbhvn, 

 ser. 3, vol. XII, p. 47; Bxcke, Fisch., Fischer., Fischz. 

 0., W. Prenss.. p. 169; MoR.. Hist. Nat. Poiss. Fr., torn. 

 Ill, p. 443; Smitt, Arch. Biol., vol. Ill (1882), p. 259, 

 tab. XI; Mela, Vert. Fenn., p. 353, tab. X; Jord., Gilb., 

 Bnll. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 10, p. 265 (+ Clupea mirabilis, 

 ex GlK., ibid.); Dav, Fi.^h. Gt. Brit., Irel, vol. II, p. 208, 

 tab. CXXXVIII, fig. 2; M6b., Hcke, Fisch. Osts., p. 135; 

 Bb.-Goode, Fisher., Fish. Industr. V. &'., Sect. I, p. 549, 

 tab. 204 ( + JoRD., CI. mirabilis, p. 568); Smitt, Bih. Vet.- 

 Akad. Handl., Bd. 14, Afd. IV, No. 12 (1888): Lillj., Sv., 

 Norg. Fisk., vol. Ill, p. 45; Ljgn, Nord. Familjebok, Bd. 

 14, col. 1079. 



Obs. Pallas (1. c.) united the Atlantic and Pacific forms into 

 one species. Giraru (Proc. Acad. Nat. So. Philad., 1854, p. 138) 

 ranged the latter as a distinct species, Clupea mirabilis; but the char- 

 acters hitherto assigned to it — at most 15 rays in the anal fin 

 and at most 51 vertebra; — may also be found in the Atlantic 

 Herring. 



The M-ell-knowii Herring comes nearest both in 

 form nnd coloration to the Vendace, but its body com- 

 monly shows strong coinpressiou from the terete back 

 downwards. lint when the Herring is full (i. e. when 

 the reproductive organs are ripe), the belly is also 

 coinparativelv terete, though the downward compression 

 is always marked at the head and isthmus. The fish 

 attains a size of 43 cm. or more, liut varies consider- 

 ably in tliis respect, according to the conditions under 

 wliich it lives. The greatest depth, just in front of 

 the dorsal fin, measures on an average 18 or 19 ?» of 

 the length from the tip of the lo\ver jaw to the ex- 

 treme end of the caudal fin, Ijut sometimes rises, in 

 gravid females, to 21 % thereof, and, on the other 

 hand, in young Herrings, even at a length of 125 mm., 

 measured as above, sometimes sinks to oidy 15 % there- 



" Here, as in the Gwyniads, we have reckoned the tip of the snout from the articular knobs of the maxillaries. 



'' The limits of variation according to Heincke. 



' In exceptional instances 17 and 21. 



'' In exceptional instances 14 and 19: 15 and 20 according to Heincke. 



' In exceptional instances 14. 



■^ In exceptional instances 9. 



" According to Heincke. 



