985 



WiNTH., NiitLirh. Tidskr. Kblivn, scr. 3, vol. XII 

 (1879), 13. 50; Fedders., ibid., p. 81; MoR., Hist. 

 Nat. Poiss. Fr., torn. Ill, p. 456; Bncke, Fisch., 

 Fhicfiei:, Fischz. 0., W. Preuss., p. 167; Day (6Ym- 

 pea). Fish. Gt. Brit., Trel., vol. II, p. 236, tab. 

 CXLl; Cor.r,., N. Mag. Nalurv. Chrnia, Bd. 29 (1884), 

 p. 113; LiLU., Sc, Norij. Fisk., vol.III, p. 120; 

 Fai'ki {Alosa)y Fne Vert. Suisse, vol. V, part. 2, 

 p. 40; Tryb. (Cliipea), Sv. Fiskeritidskr., Arg. 1 

 (1892), p. 120. 



Var. B. 



Vlupea major. Alosa vera Autorum, Dun., I. c, p. 



316, tab. I, fig. 1. 

 Allice Shad, Pknn., 1. c. 

 Clupea alosa, Lackf., 1. c. p. 447. 

 Clitpca (Alosa) alosa, Cuv., 1. c, p. 319; (Jtiii!, 1. c, 



p. 433: Uav, 1. c, p. 234, lab. CXL: Coll., N. 



Mag., I. c, p. 112; LiLU.. 1. c, p. 113. 

 Alosa communis, Yarr., 1. c, p. 13(i. 

 Alosa vulgaris, Sel. Longch., Fne beUje, p. 220; 



Trosch. {Alaiisa). 1. c. ; SiEB. {Alosa), 1. c, p. 328; 



WiXTH., 1. c, p. 49; Moi:., 1. c, p. 453; Storm, 



Vid. Selsk. Skr. Trondlij. 1883, p. 31; Fatio, I.e., 



p. 29. 

 Alosa Cuvierii, Malm. 1. c, p. 054. 

 C. Var. sapidissima, forma americana. pinna anali fintw, bran- 

 chiospinis alosa'. 



Vlupea sapidi.'sima, Wilso.n, \u Uee's, Cyclop , Univ. 



Diet. Arts, So. Lit., p. 461; JoRD., Gilb., Bull. 



U. 8. Nat. Mus. No. 16, p. 267; McDoN. in Br. 



GooDE, Fisher., Fisher. Industr. U. S., sect. I, p. 



594, tabb. 212 et 213. 

 Alosa prwslabilis, Dek. N. York Fna, pt. IV, p. 255, 



tab. XV, fig. 41. 



Ill furiu of body the Shad resembles the common 

 Herring even more closely than the Pilchard does, the 

 greatest thickness seldom rising to ^ ., of the greatest 

 depth, and usually measuring lietween 35 and 45 ?« 

 thereof. Tlie alterations of growth in this respect are, 

 however, considerable, the rule being that young Shads 

 are most like the Herring, and that in older specimens 

 the hind part of the body is prolongated to such an 

 extent as to reduce the greatest depth (across tlie 

 middle of the preabdominal part), whicli is commonly 

 between H?) and 28 % of the length of tlie Iiody, to 

 about 22 % tliercof. The body then acquires a com- 

 pressed, clavate sliapc, quite different from the liand- 

 some type of the Herring. The least depth varies be- 

 tween about 8 and 6' 3 % of the length. The Shad is 

 also far more vigorous of growth than the Herring. 

 It almost ranks among the large fishes, thougli the 

 above-mentioned varieties differ in tliis respect. The 



Twaitc Shad seldom attains a lengtii of (i dm." or a 

 wciglit ol' 1 kiln., w hcrras tlic Allice Shad, it is stated, 

 often measures 7 dm. in length and weighs 2^/., kilo., 

 and the Nortli .VnuricMii Shad attains in modern times, 

 according to McDonald, a weight of at least o'^., kilo., 

 which it formerly exceeded, sometimes turning the 

 scale, it is said, at (i'^ kilo, or more. 



The length of I lie head in Young Shads measures 

 about 23' .J % of that of tlie Ixjdy. During growth to 

 a length of 4 or 5 tlm. tiiis percentage falls to 22 

 or 21'.,, and in still hirgcr Shads to about 19, judging 

 bv a stuffed specimen. To the covering of adipo.«c 

 membrane on the liead and shoulders the same remarks 

 apply as in the case of the Pilchard; nor do the lateral 

 ridges on tlie top of the head coalesce behind in tlie 

 occipital crest. In old specimens the tij) of the snout 

 is incised, more than in the Pilchard and most in the 

 Twaite Shad, whicli lias the deepest sinus at the head 

 of the angular or S-shaped indentation in the margin 

 of the intermaxillaries. In younger specimens and in 

 the Allice Shad the tip of the snout is more even, 

 showing only the above-mentioned sinus at the middle 

 of the margin. The eyes are abont as large in young 

 Shads as in the common Herring, in old specimens 

 perceptibly smaller. In a Shad 12 cm. long both the ver- 

 tical and the horizontal diameters of the eyes are nearly 

 '/, of the length of the head, in males 3 — 4 dm. long 

 little more than ' -, of the same, and in females of 

 this size the proportion is only about 18 %. The cor- 

 responding pro])ortions to the length of the maxillaries 

 are respectively about ^ ., (50"7 9o), 45 — 41 %, and about 

 43 — 39 %. Ill the smallest specimen the diameter of 

 the eyes is somewhat greater than the interorbital width 

 at the middle of the ej-es, in old males about 90 — 80 ?», 

 and in old females about 80 — 70 % thereof. The length 

 of the snout is somewhat less in the tirst-mentioned 

 specimen than the diameter of the eyes, in the others 

 equal to or a little greater than the same. The nostrils 

 are set almost as in the Herring; but the distance lie- 

 tween the two pairs is comparatively somewhat greater, 

 being in young specimens ' o, in old about "3, of the 

 breadth of the snout at the articulation of the maxil- 

 laries. The length of the maxillaries is about 11' 2 

 — 9\ % of that of the body or 49 — 45 % of that of 

 the head, and these bones extend l)ack tn al)oiit a line 



" A stuffed specimen from .\lexandria and in the possession of tlic Royal Mn.<euui measures about 61 

 caudal lobes. 



to the ends of the 



