Si/n. Fcdeog Kvwv, Ahistot., De anim. hist., lib. VI, cap. XI. GaUus 

 i-anis, RojJDKL., De Pise, p. .377. Vanis (jnUns, Wii.i.uqhi)., 

 Uist. Pise, p. 51 (ex S.\LV.). S'/ii(iliis nnribiis ori vioinis, 

 fornminibus exijijuis ad oculos, Akt.. h-litlii/ol., Gm., p. IIH; 

 6>«., p. 97. 



Sijualtcs Galeits, Lin., Si/st. A'al., iil. X, toin. 1, p. 234; 

 Blnvlle iOaleorhinus), Bull. Sc. Sue. Pliiloiii. IHIC, p. 121; 

 Cuv. (subg. Galeus), Regn. Anim., I'll. I, toni. II, p. 127; 

 Xii.ss. (Hqaaliis), Prodr. Ic/itli. ^ScuiuL, p. IIT); SuNDKV., 

 V. Wr., iSkand. Fisl-.. eil. 1, p. IH.'i. tub. 4,'5; Couch 

 {Toper), Fish. Brit. Isl., v..l. I, p. 45, lab. IX; .Joud., 

 (JiLB. (Galeorhimts), Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 16. p. 21; 

 Coll., N. Mag. NaUirv. Chinia, Bd 29 (1884), p. llC. 



Galeus cnUjaris, Flmno, Brit. Anim., p. 165; Yajih., Ilrit. 

 Fish., ed. 2, vol. II, p. 509; Kh., Damn. Fisk., vol. Ill, 

 p. 834; Coll.. Forb. Vid. Splsk. Cliriiiu 1874, Tilhugsh., 

 p. -207; 1870, No. 1, p. 102; D.w, Fish. Gt. Urit., Irel., 

 vol. II, p. 292, tab. CLIII; Lillj., ^y., Nory. Fna, Fisk:, 

 vol. Ill, p. 612. 



Galeus canis, BoNAP., Iconoyr. Fna Ital., loin. Ill, Pesci, tab. 

 l.'S2, fig. 3; MOLL., IIle, Plagiost.. p. 57; NiLSS., Skand. 

 Fna. Fisk., p. 714; Barb. Boc, Cap., Pei.v. Plagiost., p. 

 18; Gthr, Val. Ilrit. .I/h.v., /"«//., vol. VIII. p. 379; 

 Wi.NTH., Natnrli. Tidsk. Kblivii, ser. 3, vol. XII, p. 56; 

 MoK., Hist. Xat. Poiss. Fr.. torn. I, p. 317; Doderl., Man. 

 fttiol. Medit., fasc. II, p. 36; Cai;.. Proilr. Fna: Medit., 

 vol. II, p. 509. 



Galeus Linnei, Malji, Ghgs, Boh. Fna, p. 618. 



The Tope, known in France a.s le cJiicn de iiier and 

 ill Italy as hi laniiola, attain.s a length of about 2 ni." 

 The form of the bodj' is nioderatelj' elongated for a 

 Sliark. lint varies rather considerably with age. Old 

 individuals are more robust, with deejier body, than 

 yoimg. Tile greatest dejjth, just in front of the first 

 d(jrsal tin, measures in the young about '/j„ — ',,, in 

 the old sometimes ',, of the length of the body. The 

 least de])th, just in front of the caudal fin, shows less 

 alteration, measuring about ''3,, (3'1 — 8'4 %) of the 

 length (if the liody or 17 — 18 % of that of the head 

 to the first gill-opening. The ordinary fusiform shape 

 is laterally compressed in the anterior abdominal re- 

 gion, furtlier back more terete or of a rounded quad- 

 rangular section, the dorsal margin being depressed, 

 and the ventral almost plane. In front of the first 

 dorsal tin, however, tlie back is bliintlv sharpened 

 (fastigiate or a so-called hog-lwck), which gives the 

 section of the b(jdy in front of the pectoral tins an 

 almost triangular form. Even the form of the head 

 partakes in this modification, approaching in old spe- 

 cimens to that of a three-sided jiyramid, but with a 



•K. 1133 



longitudinal swelling behind the eyes and a flattened 

 snout, the lateral margins of which form a parabola. 

 In younger s]ieciinens flic iiead is flatter forward fiom 

 the occiput, shalhnvcr, and bciiind the eyes of a more 

 quadrangular section. 



The length of the head to the first gill-o[)ening is 

 somewhat less than '/-, (18 — 19 %) of the length of the 

 body. The length of the snout from tlie preorliital 

 margin is about 4t) — 48 %'' of the lengtii of the iiead. 

 The eyes tlicmsclves are indeed roiuid (witli round 

 ii'is), in the young with round, inferioi-ly acute-angled 

 pupil, in old with elongated, slit-like; pupil; but the 

 orbits are oblong, their longitudinal diameter measuring 

 in specimens '/.> m. long about 18 — U) %, in specimens 

 1'4 m. long about Ti — 13 %, of the length of the head, 

 the vertical diameter onlj' Va — Vs of the longitudinal. 

 The suborbital margin has been turned inwards to form 

 the fold known as the nictitating membrane. The use 

 of this membrane we have noticed in the Blue Shark. 

 It is for the most part shagreened. like the skin of the 

 body, Ijut at the fold itself (below and at the corners of 

 the eyes) nake<l and .soft. The interorbital width is 

 about ^/f^ of the length of the head. The spiracles be- 

 hind the eyes are fairly large and distinct in -voting 

 specimens; in old they are contracted into small, elon- 

 gated slits and simultaneously removed farther from 

 the ejes, the distance increasing from ' ., to ^ ^ of the 

 longitudinal diameter of the orbit. Spiracular gills are 

 wanting or are extremely vestigial, forming a row of 

 10 — 11 small papilla', situated rather far in. The nos- 

 trils are somewiiat oiiliqueh' set slits, directed inwards 

 and backwards from the edge of the snout, on the 

 under surface thereof, and their length is about equal 

 to the vertical diameter of tlic orbits. Their anterior, 

 (jverlapping margin is doiililc, lieing divided into an 

 oiitt'r (lower) and an inner (upper) lobe, and each of 

 these lobes is furnished, about half-way or two-thirds of 

 the waj' along the nostril, with a small, jjointed, tri- 

 angtilar flaji (valvule). Tiieir otiter. somewhat ex])aiided 

 corner, which lies close to the edge of the snout, is 

 sejiarated from the tip thereof by a distance of about 

 ', i„ (72 — (38 %) of the length of the same. Their inner 

 angle lies at a di.stance from the anterior margin of 

 the mouth that is (Hiual to tlie iicitrht of the gill- 



" From Dublin Blake-Knox states (Zoologist. Dec. 1866. p. 509) tliat lie has taken Tope, wliicli are comnioii llicre, as much as 7 

 ft. (21 dm.) long. 



'' ■\cfording to Kbover soiiietiines 52. 



