PAPILIO III., IV., V. 



tongues Iniried in the sweet flowrets, so that one can pick them off with tlie fin- 

 gers. More than once I have noticed them hanging late in the evening, and 

 doubted not they would so pass tlie night. 



Tiirmis has many enemies, birds and dragon-flies by day, and probably small 

 owls and others by night. In spite of their expanse of wing and power of flight, 

 the larger Libelludaj will pounce on them in mid-air, and carry them away. On 

 several occasions I have known this to happen. I scarcely ever go into the 

 garden of a midsummer morning that I do not see severed wings of Papilios 

 and of some of the large l)ombycid moths upon the ground, and can only ac- 

 count for so much destruction at night by crediting it to the owls, which are 

 not at all imcommon. 



The eggs are always liable to discovery by spiders and auts ; and when the 

 larva? do emerge, some are destroyed by the same foes ; others are stung by 

 ichneumon flies, and either while larva? or in chrysalis inevitably perish. And 

 when at last a chrysalis is formed, it is exposed to peril from new enemies, squir- 

 rels, mice, birds, and one would think few could possibly survive the long months 

 of winter with such a risk of destruction. As each female Turnus lays about 

 two hundred eggs, and there are in this region several broods in the season, the 

 species would soon swarm were it not for these natural checks. As it is, it barely 

 holds its ground, and in some years, as in 1876, the early over-wintering brood 

 seems almost lost. 



Throughout the South and West there are three annual broods of Tiirmis, and 

 about fifty per cent, of the chrysalids of the first brood of the season pass the 

 winter, so far as ray experience shows, as do all the chrysalids of the last, or 

 early fall brood, both giving butterflies at the same time the following spring. 

 As to the intervening, or midsummer brood, although all chrysalids of this bred 

 by me have passed the winter, yet as fresh butterflies are common the last of 

 August and first of September, I infer that they come from the midsummer 

 brood. In looking over my journal for several years past, I find that eggs laid 

 3d June produced chrysalids 1-8 July, and such of the butterflies as emerged 

 the same year, did so between 23d July and 11th August. This was the first 

 brood from eggs of the season. Eggs laid 17th July gave chrysalids 20th and 

 25th August. This would be the second, or midsummer brood. Eggs laid 22d 

 August gave chrysalids 10th October and after. This, therefore, was the third 

 brood of the season. But all the periods are apt to l)e irregular, and between 

 the dates of these regular broods, I have bred several others. Thus eggs laid 

 6th July, gave chrysalids in the first days of September ; eggs laid 31st July, 

 gave the same in middle of September ; and eggs laid loth August, gave chrysa- 

 lids early in October ; these broods falling between the first and second, and sec- 



