PAPILIO III., IV., V. 



black forui. Mr. Walsh has stated that in Northern Illinois, both black and 

 yellow females occiu', though the black are live or six times more numerous than 

 the yellow, judging from the careful observation of five years. But on visiting 

 a clover field in southern Illinois he captured between seventy and eighty speci- 

 mens, and every yellow one was a male. Professor Snow, in Kansas, tells me 

 that there the Ijlack much outnumber the yellow. Mr. Aaron, at Maryville, east- 

 ei'u Tennessee, writes that the species is abundant, but the yellow females are very 

 rax'e, while the black ones are as plenty as the yellow males. And Messrs. Boll 

 and Belfrage, in northern Texas, and professional collectors of large experience, 

 say that the black female is much more numerous than the yellow one. All 

 these observers, however, allow that the yellow females are found in their several 

 districts. On the seaboard, Mr. H. K. Morrison, also an experienced collector, 

 who has spent much time in the southeastern States, says, " in Georgia half the 

 females of Turmis are black." And that he has a large number of specimens 

 from Central and Northeim Florida, " and about one half the females are yellow." 

 But that among the mountains (Black Mountains) of North Carolina, the females 

 were yellow. '' On mj' arrival at Henry's, McDowell Co., N. C. I found the 

 males and females, yellow form, July loth to 30th, quite abundant and fresh. At 

 the same place, August 25th to September 5th, I found the yellow form again 

 abundant and fresh. I saw no black females. I caught one or two of these at 

 Morganton, Burke Co., in July, but they were rare." Within the zone inhabited 

 by the two forms of female, neither has been known to produce a black male, nor 

 is such an insect known to have ever been seen ; the black females produce yel- 

 low males and mostly black females, only occasionally a yellow female appearing 

 in the brood, so far as observed ; and the yellow females in very rare instances 

 produce black females. It is not possible to distinguish a yellow male or yellow 

 female by a black mother, from the same by a yellow mother, or the black females 

 from each other, whether the mother was yellow or black. And, as a rule, the 

 separation of the two forms of female is complete. Intermediate examples do 

 sometimes occur, but tliey are exceedingly rare. In the hundreds of this species 

 which I have bred, there never appeared one such, and in the field I have met 

 but three or four, and these are chiefly represented on Plate V. The ochra- 

 eeous female given on Plate IV. (Fig. 4), was bred by Mr. John Akhurst, at 

 Brooklyn, N. Y., from eggs laid by a yellow female. Mr. Akhurst informs me 

 that from this yellow female, inclosed in a box with a branch of sassafras, he 

 obtained about eighty eggs, and raised from them a large number of butterflies. 

 Two females were deep ochraceous, and two were black, all the rest being yel- 

 low. This is remarkable, considering that Brooklyn is near the extreme northern 

 limit of the black form. It is very unusual, in a district in which the two forms 



