PAPILIO III., VI., V. 



and more prone to destroy Lepidoptera than any other birds, all the eastern 

 species occur from Kansas to Texas, along with three additional species, Milvulus 

 forficatus, Tyrannns veriicalis, and T. vociferans, these latter being of large size, 

 and, we may infer, correspondingly voracious. None of these species, however, 

 occm- east of the Mississippi, so far as known, except perhaps casually. Ujion 

 the whole we may assume for the semi-prairie country a richer bii"d-life than is 

 possessed by the South Atlantic States, with a corresponding larger number of 

 insectivorous species." That in the mountains of North Carolina there should 

 be a district in which, though the species is abundant, there should be few or no 

 black females, would lead to the belief that there may be similar areas of the 

 most elevated portions in other southern States, where a like distribution pre- 

 vails. It is evident, from the dates given by Mr. Morrison, that the species was 

 not single-brooded, but that he collected from the midsummer and fall broods, 

 and there must therefore have been at least three broods in the year. 



For more than a century after both Turnus and Glauciis were known to nat- 

 uralists, they were not suspected of belonging to but one and the same species. 

 Boisduval and Leconte, in 1833, figured both, and after describing the female 

 Glaucus, say, " the male differs but in size, being a little smaller, and by the blue 

 band, which is less extended," and they figured and described the larva? of the 

 two as distinct. It appears that Mr, James Ridings, of Philadelphia, an intelligent 

 collector of butterflies, and now living at an advanced age, had taken a yellow 

 male Turnus and a black female Glaucus in copulation, in 1832. And, in the 

 same city, Mr. Geoi'ge Newman, a veteran and enthusiastic collector, — whom, in 

 after years, it was my pleasure to know, and whose delight, as he exhibited and 

 expatiated upon the treasures of his cabinet, his many friends wiU recall, — had 

 raised black and yellow females from the same laying of eggs. But to lepidop- 

 terists in general, nothing was known of these things till the late Mr. B. D. Walsh 

 communicated a paper in the Proceedings of the Entomological Society, of Phil- 

 adelphia, 19th January, 1862, which in part read thus: " That Turnus and Glau- 

 cus are identical seems to me to be proved by two facts, the one positive and the 

 other negative. First, I am informed by Mr. Edwards that both Messrs. New- 

 man and Wood, of Philadelphia, say they have raised the black female, together 

 with several sliades of color between yellow and black, from the same laying of 

 eggs. Second, nobody ever saw a male Glaucus. Now Glaucus is so common in 

 southern latitudes, that if it were a true species, not a mere sexual variation, 

 someljody or other must have met with the male." And after reciting his own 

 experience, Mr. Walsh expresses the opinion that south of lat. 38° in the valley 

 of the Mississippi, and perhaps of 36° on the seaboard, the female Turnus is 

 black ; that north of 41° on the seaboard and 43° in the valley, the female is 



