HELICONIA I. 



brand), and being now ont of tbe shell, the wings soon grew, and in another 

 hour or so the insect flew off. 



"November 11th, discovered two ehrysalids of Charitonia on the same plant, 

 about two inches apart, but as much as two feet from the nearest passion-vine. 

 No. 1 was not discolored. No. 2 a little. To each chrysalis two males were 

 attached. They would let go when touched, those on No. 2 hesitating ; how- 

 ever, all would return at once. On both ehrysalids I noticed that the bodies of 

 the males were bent up, that i.s, off from the chrysalis, and the pressure exer- 

 cised in former observations was not yet applied by tlie males. Apparently 

 they simply kept hold so as to be on hand when things developed. 



"November 12th ; No. 1 was forsaken; to No. 2 four or five males clung, 

 heads down, bodies still bent up ; they leave only to feed. 



" November loth ; No. 1 still forsaken, but in course of the day males flocked 

 to it, their bodies still bent up ; were frightened away readily. 



" November 14th ; No. 1 had all the attention of the males, while No. 2 re- 

 mained forsaken, the bodies now touching the chrysalis, but almost midway of 

 the abdomen of the pupa, not at the extremity. 



"Later; two males had taken firm hold, as in previous observations, touch- 

 ing at the end of abdomen of pupa ; would not let go, but had to be picked off. 



" Later ; 1 found a pair in copulation on the ground. Now I examined No. 2 

 and found the imago nearly developeil, but dead, and this explains why tlie 

 chrysalis was forsaken. 



" During this observation I noticed that the males would alight on the chrysa- 

 lis as the}' do on flowers, then wheel around cjuickly, head down, body up. 



"November 14th ; my attention was attracted by a flock of six or eight Cluiri- 

 tonia butterflies on the edge of woods, flying around an object which, on inspec- 

 tion, I found to be a chrysalis." 



Dr. Wittfeld's observations settle this : that in H. Charitonia the males are 

 able, by some means, to distinguish the presence of a female in chrysalis, at least 

 from the time when discoloration of the shell commences ; that the attraction 

 becomes stronger as the imago nears its emergence, tliat the females show no such 

 attraction toward a male in cluysalis, and that males do not attract males. It is 

 not unusual to find female butterflies of certain species, as Papilio AJa.r, so lately 

 out of chrysalis that the wings are at least limp, coupled with perfectly devel- 

 oped males, but I have not myself abserved a case where the connection took 

 place the instant the female broke from its shell, or even befoi'c the wings 

 were expanded. Certainly I have never known of male butterflies watching 

 Uie advent of a female one moment, much more, for hours and days, nor have 

 I read of such an occurrence. 



