GRAPTA III. 



He compares the fij^ures of Satyyu.^ and Zephi/rus with examples of (~! Alhiqti in Iiis cabinet, anJ finds re- 

 semblances thus: " I have now before me both sexes (of C Album), of which the male is indeed not quite so 

 darkly spotted on the upper side as Zephyrus, but it is darker than Sali/rus, and ac;rees with Zephi/rus in 

 the presence of a dentation by the side of the chief due of the hind wins, while on the under side it might 

 be taken for Sa/i/rus, Fig. 2. The considerably larger female agrees in the indentations and the coloration of 

 hind wing with Sati/rus, Fig. 1. But why then are the caterpillars (of Zephijriis and Salyrus) so different? 

 Can the caterpillar (Fig. 8, Zephyrus), which looks like the never otherwise drawn C Album, in its varia- 

 tions come to resemble Fig. 4 {Satyrus), in California? I believe not. But I am mindful of the, fact that the 

 author did not have the caterpillars before him alive, but only received the drawings from California. There- 

 fore I susjiect that the caterpillar of Fauiius has by mistake been given for Zephyrus. If this suspicion be 

 correct, there can be no reason against declaring Faunnx to be C Album, and uniting Zephyrus with Salyrus, 

 at least as Variety B." This last line seems to imply that Faunus is same as C Album type, and the other 

 two are the Va(Kety B ; but as Faunus is before stated to be only Variety B, I conclude that Professor Zeller 

 regards Satyrus and Zephyrus as probably sub-varieties of Faunus or of Var. B. 



Quite recently I have received from Mr. H. B. Mtischler a paper by himself on the genera of European 

 butterflies, in which he thus says : "At all events, Album flies in North America. It is impossible for me, 

 at least, to discover any difference between this and the North American species separated by Edwards as 

 Faunus." 



It would be satisfactory to have the type C Album pointed out and agreed upon. Plainly in England it is 

 something quite different from Faunus, so different that Faunus is declared to be a distinct species. Dr. 

 Staudinger says it is near Satyrus. Professor Zeller says that Faunus is Fariety B, separated from the type, 

 therefore, by another variety, A. Mr. Moschler can see no difference between C Album and Faunus. Tlie 

 truth is, no man knows, what is the typical C Album. The descriptions of Linnaeus and of Fabricius read 

 simply thus : " Ujjper side fulvous, with black spots ; hind wings beneath marked by a white C." This deter- 

 mines nothing. The next species described by Linnaeus is C Aureum, which was formerly supposed to be 

 what we call fnlerrogalionii, but is now understood to be another species, G. Angelica, Cramer, from Asia, and 

 word for word even to the white C, the diagnosis is the same. So that we must look elsewhere for help in 

 this matter. Kirby, Syn. Cat. of Diur. Lepid., after citing these two authors, next refers to Espcr. Eur. 

 Schmett. , PI. 1 3, Fig. 3, for a figure of C Album, apparently the first colored figure of the species after the time 

 of LinniEus. Turning to this Plate I find set down as C Album what I should consider a fair representation 

 of the American species G. Comma. It is very unlike Faunus. Kirby cites as a synonym, Esper, PI. 59, 

 Fig. 3. But Esper says this is Var. C Album, and therefore it cannot be the type. The u{)per side of 

 this figure resembles the female of Marsyas, as shown on my Plate. Making allowance for the coarseness of 

 Esper's drawing, it is Marsyas if anything, and is a long way from Faunus. But the under side is unlike 

 either sex of AMiir.''y<is. The ground is colored in two shades of brown, nothing else. The marginal and extra- 

 discal spots are conspicuous and green, and in this alone is there a suggestion of Faunus, a species which has 

 the under side marbled in half a dozen colors. I think it probable that this figure was meant to represent a 

 form, or species, of which I have four examples sent me from England as C Album, and with which Mr. 

 Stainton, of course, was familiar. It is small as compared with Faurnts, the tails longer in proportion and 

 narrower, and the anal angle much more prolonged, the upper side more macular, much as in many Satyrus 

 or Marsyas. The underside is brown, light and dark, over basal area; the extra-discal area light brown 

 with some gray ; the spots are green, and the apical area of primaries is olivaceous. This is not Faunus, but 

 if there is any European form of C Album nearer I have not seen it, though I have brought together all the 

 varieties which I have been able to beg or buy to illustrate C Album. Several of these have an excess of 

 yellow on under side, and one female would pass for Dryas, if taken here ; that is, the under side is honey- 

 yellow, densely streaked with ferruginous. I conclude, therefore, that the type of C Album is uncertain. It 

 means one thing to one collector, and something different to the next. It is like Cumma, like Satyrus, like 

 Marsyas, like Faunus, like Zephyrus, and of course like Rusticus, as I shall soon hear. If Esper's Plate fixes 

 the type, as I think it must, the true C Album is like Comma. 



Now, thanks to the zeal and skill of Messrs. Mead and Baron, Satyrus and Zephyrus are lifted out of the 

 dust of this contest and stand in serene security alongside of Comma. That is, three good species are already 

 established out of what expert lepidoplerists in Europe have asserted to be C Album or rarieties thereof. There 



