GRAPTA III. 



most unlikely that in Europe and Asia one form like Comma ami others like Stitijrus, Faunus, and Zcpliynis 

 can be but one species and its varieties. In other words, I believe that several good species have been con- 

 founded under the name C Album, and that it needs no long-continued labor of a few intelligent woikers to 

 prove it so. Hut sittiiiij in one's closet and speculating on dried butterlUes will not do this, to the end of time. 

 If the <lny ever conies, when by breeding from the female, the conjectures of our European friends are proved 

 to be correct, and a dozen well-marked forms are proved to be mere varieties of but one species, no one will 

 be more pleased than myself, if I live to hear of it. It will be a most interesting, indeed a wonderful biologi- 

 cal fact, considering that in America what appear — that is, in the opinion of some experts — to be identical 

 forms have reached the standing of species. For this certainly is the standing of these American forms. 

 Their differences are permanent, and they breed true, sliowhig no tendency to run into each other, ^\'hat 

 more could be saidV But, however unlikely it may seem that these forms are luere varii'ties in Europe, it 

 will not do to declare that such a thing is impossible, for there woiihl appear to be no reason in the nature of 

 things wh}' in one j)art of the world a certain assemblage of forms, be they animals or plants, nugbt not be 

 true varieties of one species (proved to be so, not guessed), and in another part similar forms might not have 

 reached the rank of species. Every one who believes in the evolution of species must assent to that. 

 Therefore let us have the facts. And there is but one way to reach them, namely, to begin at the founda- 

 tion, lo breed from (he female of each sup/wsed varieti/ of C Album. Till that is done, I insist that nothing is 

 really known about C Album. It has been well said, " Indeliuite knowledge is definite ignorance." 



July, 187;». W. H. E. 



GRAPTA ZEPIIYRUS. 



Grapta Zephi/nis, Edwarils, But. N. Am., Vol. I., p. 12:i, VI. 40. 



Mature Larya. — LensTth one inch. 



Cylindrical, the segments well rounded ; general color Itlack ; at either end of 

 segments three to live on dorsal siirlace a pale vellow line, the remainincj setr- 

 ments .similarly lined witli white : ;i more or less distinct pale yellow meilio-dorsal 

 line extends over two, three, and sometimes loiu'; armed with seven rows of 

 spines, one dorsal and three latend ; these spines are stout at base, rather long, 

 taper to a point, ;ind give out from the end a sharp l)ristle ; several similar 

 bristles about each spine ; those of dorsal and first Ititertd rows from three to six 

 are reddish, and their bases and the spaces between them are of same hue ; from 

 seven to twelve the spines of these three rows have their bases white, and this 

 color predominates in the tnarlding of the dorsal surface, so that what remains 

 of the bhick groimd resembles a series of arrow heads pointing backward, the 

 dorsal spine arising at the base of the Itarbs of the arrow ; the white color extends 

 some distance up the base of the dorsals and first laterals froln seven to twelve, 

 and these, as well the others on anterior segments, are tipped with black ; all 

 other spines, including the second and third lateral rows and their branches, are 

 black ; on two is a dorsal colltir of j?hort, simple spines, each with pale bristle at 

 top ; at the sides of body are many smtill pale tubercles, each tipped with a pale 

 hair ; under side dark brown ; feet black, fore-legs brown ; head small, sub-cordate, 

 the vertices high, conical, each ending in a stout branching process, the branches 

 near top being short and divergent ; at base of these processes, in front and at 



