LIMENITIS I. 



bevoiul the ventral, aiicl the skin fitted tightly on the anterior parts, bnt at the 

 last segments was loosening and packing in a mass. As the skin on the dor- 

 sal side was pnshed back to the tenth segment, a violent and somewhat pro- 

 tracted ellbrt beu'an lor the extrication of the tail of the chrvsalis from the 

 skin, and the abdominal segments were snccessively expanded and contracted 

 to an extreme degree, wliile the chrysalis rose steadily towards the bntton of 

 silk and grasped it with the liooklets on the end of the anal pads, after an 

 extraordinary and convulsive struggle, in which it threw itself almost up to a 

 line horizontal with the silk. Observations recently made on the pupation of the 

 Nymphalida^, by Dr. J. A. Osborne and others, show that the chrysalis at the 

 crisis of pupation is supported by a membrane or ligament formed of the inner 

 coat of the larval skin, which catches on two knobs or points developed about 

 same time on the anterior edge of the last segment of the chrysalis, and so holds 

 the chrvsalis till the hooks are caurfit in the silk. It has hitherto been assumed 

 that the support was found in the grasping of the skin between the segments of 

 the chrysalis. 



When the chrysalis of Proseriyina r.ested, it Avas greatly stretched and quite 

 different in shape from what it soon after became. At first it measured .95 inch 

 long, the head case was very short, and the wing cases measured but .3 inch in 

 length, reaching just over the upper edge of seventh segment, and were scarcely 

 raised above the sm-face of the thorax. The dorsal a2)pendage was but little 

 rounded, not very prominent, and its edge was l)lunt instead of sharp, the sides 

 swollen instead of excavated. Moreover, it was equally curved at both ends. 

 In course of an hour the abdominal segments had telescoped, the wing cases had 

 crept to the top of eighth segment, lengthening one tenth inch, and were much 

 elevated, giving the hunched form to the chrysalis which is characteristic of the 

 genus ; the head case had thrust itself out, the mesonotum become rounded and 

 very prominent, and the dorsal appendage was unevenly rounded at the ends, 

 thin, sharp, excavated on its sides. The chrysalis finally measured .8 instead of 

 .95 inch. 



I had lost some of the larvie durinfj the winter and brouii-ht but four to 

 chrysalis. From these chrysalids emerged three Lamina and one Proserpina, 

 which last is shown on the Plate (Fig. 5). As may be seen, this is vei-y near 

 Ursula. In Vol. I. is figured a male with the white bands largely develojsed, 

 and examples may be taken in the Catskills showing every grade between these 

 extremes. 



