^81. 



THE ECHINODERMATA. 



83 



With the Sipunculidae, as with the other worm-like Echinoderms which 

 approach the Annelids, the arrangement of the nervous system is quite 

 ■diflferent. Here, the nervous ring is a simple, aganglionic thread extend- 

 ing to the posterior end of the bodj, and may be regarded as the first trace 

 of a ventral cord/"' 



CHAPTER IV, 



OKGANS OF SENSE. 



§81. 



The sense of touch is well developed with the Echinoderms, and seems to 

 tave its seat in the oral tentacles, the ambulacra, and pedicellariae. 



With the Asteroi'dea, and Echinoidea, no organs of vision have yet been 

 found. As such, however, have been regarded the red pigment dots sit- 

 uated, with the former, at the extremity of their rays,'^' and with the latter, 

 in the middle of the dorsal region upon five ocellary plates which alternate 

 regularly with those of the genital organs.'-' These ocellary plates are 

 perforated each by a very fine canal, through which passes a delicate fila- 

 ment from the main nerve for the pigment dot.'^' Although these pigment 

 dots have thus a nervous connection, no proper organ to refract the light 

 lias yet been found in them.'*' 



7 According to Krohn {Müller''s Arch. 1839, 

 p. 348), the (Esophageal ring of Sipunculus nudus 

 has two Buper-oesuphageal ganglia blended to- 

 gether. These had already been observed by 

 Delle Ckiaje (Memor. loc. cit. I. p. 15, Tav. I. 

 fig. 6. i.); but more lately Grube had taken them for 

 ■cartilaginous rudiments of the osseous circle 

 iMüller's Arch. 1837, p. 244). He has also con- 

 founded with the muscular system the two lateral 

 nerves of this ring, and its abdominal branch 

 which in its course sends off laterally branches to 

 \he muscular layer and to the skin, and termi- 

 nating at the end of the body in a swelling. Then, 

 on the other hand, the filaments surrounding the 

 ■digestive tube, and taken by him for nerves, 

 appear to be only cellular fibres (loc. cit. p. 244, 

 Taf. XI. fig. 4). 



According to Forbex and Goodsir {Froriep's 

 neue Not. No. 392, 1841, p. 279), the nervous sys- 

 tem of EchUirus is composed of an oesophageal 

 ring, with an abdominal cord, from which pass off 

 asymmetrical branches. 



According to Quatrefages, Echiuriis Gaertneri 

 has an abdominal cord which possesses ganglia, 

 and by this character the Echinidae apjiroach the 

 Annelida ; see Ann. d. Sc. Nat. VIl. 1847, p. 

 332, PI. VI. fig. 4.* 



1 In the Clypeastridae and Echinidae. 



2 These dots, which Vahl (Müller Zool. Dan. 

 Tab. C.XXXI.) had already observed in Pteraster 

 militaris, were first regarded as eyes by Ekren 

 berg (Mütler''s Arch. 1834, p. 577, and Abhand. 

 d. Berl. Akad. 1835, p. 209, Taf. VIII. fig. 11, 12). 

 He has seen in Asteracanthion violaceus, a small 

 swelling at the extremity of the nerve of the ocel- 

 lary dot. Forbes (Hist, of the Brit. Star-fishes, 

 1841, p. 152) first noticed these dots in Echinus, 

 and their presence has been confirmed by Agassii 

 and (^ate7itiii (Monogr. loc. cit. p. 10, 100, PI. 

 II. fig. 12, PI. IX. fig. 188, 189). 



3 Valentin, loc. cit. PI. IX. fig. 190. 



4 Valentin has failed to discover in these organs 

 a crystalline lens. Although in Echinus they are 

 upon the back, and therefore favorable to vision ; 



brance : " It is a noticeable fact that the nervous 

 •trunks of these animals throughout are contained 

 in a sheath, which, after the maceration of its 

 contents, has exactly the aspect of a blood-vessel." 

 The nervous system of these animals cannot, there- 

 fore, be properly studied from alcoholic speci- 

 men-s. — Ed. 



* [ § 80, note 7.] See also Blanchard (Ann. d. 

 Sc. Nat. 1849, XII. p. 57), who has well made out 

 the nervous system with Sipunculus rufo^Jim- 

 briatui. It consists of two cerebral ganglia 



united so as to form a single cordiform mass — the 

 brain, which is situated under the muscles of the 

 proboscis. From this brain passes off a cord on 

 each side, forming a collar about the CESophagus ; 

 these unite below, and then continue as a ventral 

 cord to the posterior extremity of the body. This 

 cord has slight swellings along its course, which 

 may be regarded as ganglia ; they send nerves to 

 the integuments. 



This anatomist has also observed here a very 

 distinct splanchnic system of nerves. — Ed. 



