*$. 100. THE HELMINTHES. 103 



ADDITIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY. 



The following are among the more important contributions to the Anat- 

 omy of the Helminthes which have been published since the issue of the 

 original work. I should mention, however, that I have not had very much 

 access to recent German contributions in this department, from the tardi- 

 ness with which such matters reach this country. However, I am happy 

 in not being ignorant of the late publications of Siebold, who is truly at 

 the head of Helminthology. 



Blanchard. Recherches sur I'organisation des Vers., in the Ann. d. Sc. 

 Nat. VII. 1847, p. 87, VIII. 1847, p. 119, 271, X. 1848, p. 321, XI. 



1849, p. 106, XII. 1849, p. 1. 



Van Beneden. Recherches sur I'organisation et le developpement des 

 Linguatules (Pentastoma, Rud.), &c. in the Mem. de I'Acad. de Bruxelles, 

 1848 ; also, in Ann. d. Sc. Nat. 1849, XI. p. 313. 



Note sur le developpement des Tetrarhynques, in the Bull, de I'Acad. de 

 Belgique, XVI. 1849. 



Recherches sur les Vers Cestodes, in the Mem. de I'Acad. de Belgique, 



1850, XXV. 



Siebold. Ueber den Generationswechsel der Cestoden nebst einer Revi- 

 sion der Gattung Tetrarhynchus, in Siebold and Kdliker's Zeitsch. II. 

 1850, p. 198. 



üeber die Verwandlung des Cysticercus pisiformis in Taenia serrata 

 Ibid. IV. p. 400. 



Ueber die Verwandlung der Echinococcus-Brut in Taenien. Ibid. 

 IV. 1853, p. 409. 



See, also, various valuable though small contributions, in the form of 

 letters to Siebold, in Siebold and Kölliker'' s Zeitsch. IV. p. 52, 116, 451, 

 454 ; as well as the references in my notes. — Ed. 



CHAPTER I. 



CUTANEOUS SYSTEM. 



§ 100. 



The body of the Helminthes is generally surrounded by a firm skin, 

 which may be separated into a thin epidermis, and a pretty hard dermis. 

 The epidermis of the adults is never ciliated ; but not unfrequently it has 

 horny spines pointing backwards, which sometimes are limited to the ante- 

 rior part of the body, and sometimes spread over a large surface, in trans- 

 versely serrated rows.^^' In the first case, the spines serve to attach them 



I In many Nematodes, Acanthocephali, and Tre- sum, scnbrum, ferox, and perlatum (Ibid. Tab. 



matodes, the epidermis is spinous like a rasp. X. and Nordmann, Mlcograph. Beiträge. Hft. I. 



These spines are simple '\a Liorhynchus dentic- 1a.(. J^.), And Peiitastomum denticulatum (Die- 



ulatus, Lecanocephalus spinulosus (according sins;, loc. cit. I. Abth. 1, Taf. III. fig. 10-13). 



to I)iesin^, Annalen des Wiener Museums, II. But they are polydentlculated in Cheiracanthus 



Abth. 2, 1839, Taf. XIV. fig. 14-20), Echinorhyn- (Diesing; loc. cit. II. Hft. 2, Taf. XIV. XVI. 



chus pyriformis, and hystrix (Bremser, Icon. XVII.). 

 Helmut. Tab. VII.), Distomum lima, maculo- 



