^ 250. 



THE CEPHALOPODA. 



28T 



anastomosing glandular tubes, forming, sometimes, several lobes, and 

 sometimes, a single triangular mass with a smooth exterior. 



In their passage in front, the two excretory ducts converge and form, 

 under the oesophagus, a common canal which traverses the pharynx and 

 terminates in the mouth near the root of the tongue.'-' 



The Liver is generally of a reddish-yellow color, and is rarely lobulated. 

 Usually, it is a compact glandular mass capsulated by a fold of the peri- 

 toneum. ''^* With the Octopoda, it is a large, smooth, ovoid gland,**' while 

 with the other Cephalopoda, with a few exceptions,'^' it is divided into two 

 or four portions symmetrically surrounding the oesophagus.'"' The bile, 

 when this organ is single or double, is excreted by two ducts arising from 

 the inferior extremity of the organ ; but when this organ is quadruple, as 

 with Nautilus, and Loligopsis, each division has a special excretory duct, 

 and all these ducts soon unite into a common Ductus choledochus, which, 

 after a short course, opens upon the sides of the coecum.'"' 



As a Pancreatic gland may, certainly, with reason, be regarded the 

 pale-yellow, short, ramified glandular tubes, which, with many species, are 

 appended to the hepatic ducts with which they communicate by many 

 orifices.'**' 



2 For the intimate structure of these glands which 

 appear to be wanting with Nautilus, and Loli- 

 gopsis, see J. MuUer, De Gland, struct, p. 54, 

 Tab. V. fig. 9. They are lobulated with Loli^o, 

 and consist only of a small compact body with 

 Octopus, Eledone, Sepia, &c ; see Cuvier, Mem. 

 PI. III. fig. 2, 3 ; (Vainer, Icon. zoot. Tab. XXIX. 

 fig. 14, k.; Brandt, loc. cit. Taf. X.XXII. fig. 3, 5 ; 

 Ferussac, loc cit. Octopus, PI. XII. XIII. Their 

 «urface is granulated with Sepiola, according to 

 DeUe Chiaje, Descriz. Tav. XXVI. fig. 14, L., 

 and Grant, Trans. &c. PI. XI. fig. 8, g. 



3 For the intimate structure of the liver, see 

 Midler, De Gland, struct, p. 71 (Octopus), and 

 Rathki, loc. cit. p. 137 (Lolis^opsis). 



4 See Cuvier, fVa^ner, and Ferussac, \<x. cit. 



5 With Onychoteuthis Banksii, the liver is a 

 «ingle, very oblong mass ; see Owen, in the Cy- 

 clop. I. p. 537. •. 



With Nautilus, the liver is divided into four 

 large portions, each composed of numerous lobes 

 embracing on eacli side the crop-like oesophagus ; 

 see Owen, On the Nautilus, p. 26, PI. IV. z., or 

 Isis, p. 22, Taf. III., or Ann. d. Sc. Nat. p. 117, 

 PI. II. fig. 1. z. With Loli^opsis guttata, the 

 four hepatic divisions are, according to Grant 

 (Trans. &c. p. 25, PI. II. fig. 4, e. and 7, a.), deeply 

 ■concealed in the cavity of the body ; while with 

 Loligo Eschscholtlzii, and dubia, it is a single 

 mass, according to Rath/ce (Mem. de St. Petersb. 

 loc. cit. p. 137, 170. PI. II.). With Sepia, Loligo, 

 Sepiola, &c., this organ is divided into long halves, 

 •smooth externally, and extending from the neck 

 along the dorsal median line, their length depend- 

 ing on that of the animal ; see Brandt, loc. cit. Taf 

 XXXII. fig. 3, ]). (Sepia), and Grant, loc. cit. PI 

 XI. fig. 7, 8. f. (Sepiola). 



1 See Cuvier, M^m. p. .30, PI. IV. fig. 2, -t, n. 

 n.; Ferussac, loc. cit. Octopus, PI. XIV. fig. 5, 6, 

 Argonauta, PI. V>. fig. 2, d.; Owen, On the Nau- 

 tilus, PI. VIII. fig. 8, h., or Isis, Taf. II., or Ann. 

 d. Sc. Nat. PI. IV. fig. 8 h.; and Grant, Trans, 

 of the Zool. Soc. I. PI. II. fig. 7, b. PI. XI. fig. 7, 

 g. (Loligopsis and Sepiola). 



8 This structure and arrangement of the glandu- 

 lar appendages of the hepatic ducts which were 

 noticed and regarded as a pancreas bv Hunter 

 (The Catal. of the Physiol Ser. I. p. 229, No. 775) 

 with Sepia, remind one very much of what is found 

 in fishes, where, according to Statinius'' inves- 

 tigations, the pyloric appendages communicate 

 with the Ductus choledochus (see Brockmann 

 (Stannius) De Pancreate piscium, Diss. Rostoch. 

 1846).* According to Delle Chiaje (Descriz. I. 

 p. 32, Tav. XIII. XVIII.), these bodies exist not 

 only with Octopus, Eledone, Tremoctopus, and 

 Argonauta, but also with Sepia, Loligo, and Se- 

 piola. Grant (The Edinb. Philos. .Tour. XIII. 

 1825, p. 197) has described them with Loligo sa- 

 gitta, and Owen sought in vain for them with 

 Nautilus, but found them highly developed with 

 Sepiola, Onychoteuthis, Sepioteuthis, and Rus- 

 sia (Cyclop. I. p. 537). See also Grant, I. Trans, 

 of the Zool. Soc. I. PI. II. fig. 7, c, PI. XI. fig. 7, 

 8, 13 (Loligopsis and Sepiola). 



In the species of Loligopsis examined by 

 Rathlii (loc. cit. p. 160, PI. 11.) the Ductus chole- 

 dochus was dilated into a round sinus at the point 

 where the pancreatic tubes opened into it. 



