394 THE ARACHNOIDAE. § 319. 



III. Male Arachnoidae. 



§ 319. 



From the few observations hitherto made upon the male organs of the 

 Acarina, it appears that they are formed after very diiferent types. With 

 Trombidium, there are twenty red, testicuhxr vesicles, attached by short 

 peduncles to the annular Vas deferens which opens between the posterior 

 legs. This lai^t. before its termination, receives also two brown, long- 

 pedunculated vesicles, whose nature is yet unknown.'^' 



With Ixodes, the testicles consist of a group of four to five pairs of 

 lono-er or shorter follicles, which unite in the middle of the abdomen, and 

 send off two small Vasa deferentia to the base of the chin-like process. 

 This last, together with the cheliceres, these animals introduce deep into 

 the vagina during copulation, while their two palpi, separated at a right 

 angle, are applied upon the thorax of the female.'-' With Gamasus, there 

 appear to be only two simple, isolated, testicular follicles, each having a 

 deferent canal. With many Acarina, there is a short penis situated at a 

 point corresponding to that of the vulva of the females, and sometimes 

 concealed within the body.^'^' With other Acarina, the males are distin- 

 guishable from the females, by the larger size of their cheliceres, and some 

 of the legs which serve to retain the females during copulation. '■•> 



With the Phalangidae, the testicles consist of numerous small caeca, all 

 united at one point into a long, flexuous deferent canal. This last is con- 

 tinuous into a Ductus ejaculatorms which traverses a muscular penis ; this 

 terminates with a hook-like gland, and its body is horny and surrounded by 

 a muscular sheath out of which it can be protruded under the thorax.'''^ 

 With many Opilionina, the posterior legs have remarkable spines and 

 excrescences which, undoubtedly, are used during copulation. '"^^ 



With the Araneae, the testicles consist of two long, simple, interlaced 

 caeca, concealed between the hepatic lobes.'"' From them pass off two 



Taf. VII. fig. 18-20); Treviranus (Bau. d. dorsal shield covering the whole body, palpi shorter, 



Arachn. p. 12, Taf. I. fig. 12), and Müller (loc. cit. and teeth less numerous upon the also shorter chiu 



p. 53 Taf. II. fig. 14-19). This last naturahst has like process. 



found, with the large African scorpions, eggs in the 3 The penis is sub-ventral with Bdella, sub-tho- 



lateral long, varicose and caecal appendages of the racic with Gamasus, and behind the genital orifice 



ovaries. These appendages do not increase in size with Orihates. With Arrenurus,\i is inserted 



except in proportion as the eggs are developed ; on a tuberosity of the abdomen, giving the males a 



while, with the small European scorpion, the eggs very singular appearance {Dugis, loc. cit. I. p. 



produce only simple pyriform folds on the ova- 155. PI. X. fig. 20). 



rian tubes. I have found sperm and very active 4 W'ith the males of certain species of GaTOOS?*«, 



spermatic particles in the seminal receptacles of the two cheliceres are perforated, and the second 



living females of Scorpio europaeus. pair of legs is very stout and provided with spines 



1 I have proved this complicated disposition of and e.xcrescences. With Dermaleichtis, it is the 



the male organs with Trombidium holosericeum, third pair of these organs which is sometimes very 



where it had been wholly misapprehended by large and armed with robust nails. With Sarcop- 



Tnviranus (Verm. Schrift. \ p. 48, Taf. VI. fig. tes, the posterior legs are long and armed with 



85), nails and discs, while with the females these same 



'i This singular mode of coition had already been legs are abortive, 



observed by Degeer (loc. cit. p. 45, Taf. VI. fig. 5 Treviranus, Verm. Schrift. I. p. 36, Taf. IV, 



6) with Ixodes ricinus, and subsequently by P/i. fig. 21, 22 ; and Talk, loc. cit. p. 250, PI. IV. fig. 



JV. J. Müller (Germar\s Magaz. d. Entomol. II. 21-24. 



1817, p. 281) ; but it remainecl wholly unobserved « With Eiisarcus, Gonyleptes, &c. The very 



by the other entomologists. It appears that the large cheliceres of the Phalangidae are not used in 



male of Ixodes ricinus, which differs considerably the act itself of copulation, but are employed to 



from the female, has been mistaken for a different fight with on these jealous occasions ; see l,atreiUe, 



suecies and named Ixodes reduvius (Aiidouin, Hist. Nat. d. Founnis, p. 380. 



loc. cit. XXV. p. 422, PI. XIV. fig. 4), or Ixodes 7 For the testicles of the Araneae, see Trevira- 



mnrginalis {Halm, üie Arachn. II. p. 63, fig. n?/.«, Bau d. Arachn. p. 37, Taf IV. fig. 33, and 



163). The characters pecuUar to this sex are, a Brandt, Mediz. Zool. II. p. 89, Taf XV. fig. 7. 



