424 



THE INSECTA. 



$338. 



-crop-like dilatation,''^ which, with the Cicindelidae, Carabidae, Dytiscidae, 

 and Gyrinidae, is followed by an ovoid gizzard. This last is longitudinally 

 plicated internally, and these folds are usually armed on their borders with 

 cilia or horny hooks. The intestinoid stomach is of median length with 

 the carnivorous Coleoptera, but very long and more or less flesuous with 

 those which are herbivorous.® Nearly always, its whole external surface 

 is numerously constricted, and covered with small caeca. <•'' The ileum and 

 colon are, usually, rather short.''"' 



Among the Orthoptera, the families Forficulidae, Termitidae, Blatti- 

 dae, Achetidae, Locustidae, Aci'ididae, and Mantidae, are distinguished for 

 their large crop,'"' which, with GryUotalpa is completely constricted from 

 the oesophagus. The gizzard is of variable length, and covered, internally, 

 with rows of horny denticulated plates. ''-' The stomach is tubalar, of equal 

 calibre, median length, and rarely makes a half or an entire turn."^' 

 In most of the families just mentioned, its upper extremity has two, six, or 

 eight caeca,'"' and its posterior part is continuous into an often somewhat 

 flexuous ileum upon which succeeds a short colon. With the Perlidae, the 

 gizzard is wanting, but the upper extremity of the stomach has from four to 

 •eight caeca, pointing forwards.''^' With the Phasmidae, and the Libelluli- 

 dae, the oesophagus is long and large, and protrudes somewhat into the 

 straight, oblong, constricted stomach, which is without caeca and is succeeded 

 by a very short ileum and colon.''*'' The digestive tube of the Ephem- 

 ■eridae, which, in their perfect state, take no food, is feebly developed. 

 Its walls are very thin throughout, and the oesophagus is directly continu- 

 ous with the stomach which is a bladder-like dilation and succeeded by a 

 .short, straight intestine. "'^' 



Ramdohr, Magaz. d. naturf. Freunde zu Berlin, 

 1S07, p. 207, Taf. IV. (Cnrabiis) ; Brandt, Mediz. 

 Zool. II. Taf. XVII. XIX. {Meloe and Lytta) ; 

 JStraiis, Consider. &c. Pi. V. {Melolontha)." 



I With Oedemera, this crop is constricted from 

 the stomach; see L. Dufour, loc. cit. III. PI. 

 XXX. fig. 7, 8. 



» The stomach is of the greatest leneth with the 

 Melolonthidae and Hydrophilidae ; see Straus, loe. 

 cit. PI. v., and Sue/cow, loc. cit. II. Taf. III. IV. 



S* This constricted stomach is especially observed 

 with the herbivorous Coleoptera, as, with Meloe, 

 Lytta, and Cantharis ; but is wholly wanting with 

 Lycus, Tetephoru.i, Malachius, and Cistela. 

 W'itli the Elateridae, the stomach is smooth, but, at 

 its upper extremity there are two caecal folds, 

 which, with the Buprestidae, are very long ; see 

 L. Dufour, loc. cit. III. PI. XI. fig. 1, 3, 4 ; 

 Meckel, Beitr. &c. I. lift. 2, p. 12y, Taf. VIII. tig. 

 5 ; and Gaede, Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. XI. p. 330, 

 Tab. .XLIV. fig. 1. 



10 With the Dytiscidae, a pretty long and small 

 caecum extends forwards from the rectum ; see 

 Ramdohr, Abhandl. &c. Taf. II. ; L. Dufour, 

 loc. cit. III. PI. X. fig. 3, and Burmeister, Hand- 

 buch, &c., I. Taf. X. fig. 4. 



II See Ramdohr, Abhandl. &c. Taf. I. ; Marcel 

 de Serres, loc. cit. PI. I. -III. ; Gaede, Beitr. &c. 

 Taf. I. II. {Blatta and Acheta) ; Suckow, loc. cit. 

 III. Taf. VII. fig. 134-136 (GryUotalpa) ; Bur- 

 meister, Handb. &c. I. Taf. XI. fig. 1-6 ; and L. 

 Dufour, loc. cit. XIII. 1828, p. 350, PI. XX. 



(Forficula), and his Reoherch. sur les Orthopt. 

 &c. loc. cit. PI. I.-V. XIII. 



1^ See the figures cited in the preceding note. 

 According to L. Dufour (Kecherch. &c. p. 608, 

 PI. XIII. fig. 196), this gizzard with its dental ap- 

 paratus is wanting with Termes ; but, according 

 to Burmeister (Handb. I. p. 137, Taf. XI. fig. 

 8-10), it is present being concealed at the base of 

 the oesophagus. 



13 GryUotalpa a,nd Ephippigera. 



H These caeca are wanting with Forficula and 

 Termes. There are only two with Acheta, Gryl- 

 lotalpa, Locusta, and Ephippigera ; six to eight 

 with the Mantidae, Blattidae, and Acrididae. In 

 these last, each of these caeca sends off two dever- 

 ticula, one forwards, and the other backwards. 



15 See Suckow, in Heusinger's Zeitsch. II. p. 

 267, Taf. XVI. fig. 7 ; L. Dufour, Recherch. &c. 

 PI. XIII. fig. 198 ; and Pictet, Hist. Nat. des 

 Nevroptöres. Familie des Perlides. These caeca 

 are wanting with Nemura. 



W> See Ramdohr, Abhandl. &c. Taf. XV. (Libel- 

 lula and Agrion) ; Suckow, loc. cit. II. Taf. II. 

 fig. 14 (Aeschna) ; L. Dufour, Reoherch. &c. p. 

 568, PI. XI. (Aeschna and JJbellula) ; and Mül- 

 ler, Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. XII. p. 571, Tab. L. 

 (Bacteria). These stomachic a))pendages are 

 wanting with Psocus also; see iVtZzsc/t, in Ger- 

 mar's iMag. IV. p. 277, Taf. II. fig. 1. 



17 See L. Dufour, Recherch. &c. PI. XI. fig. 

 167, and Pictet, Hist. Nat. des Insect. Nivropt. 

 Familie des Ephemerines. 



* [ ^ 338, note 6.] See, also, Leidy, loc. eft., 

 Flora and Fauna within Animals, &c., for full de- 



Uiils of the intimate anatomy of the alimentary 

 canal of Passalus cornutus. — Kd. 



