-§, 339. THE INSECTA. 429 



nebrionidae, Mordellidae/"^ and most of the Hymenoptera/''' tliey consist 

 of two rather short, ramified tufts, often contained entirely in the head.*''^ 

 Among the Neuroptera, the Myrmeleonidae and Sialidac -have two simple 

 short salivary tubes, while, with the Phryganidae and Hemerobidae, they 

 are ramified and highly developed. <i"^ It is quite remarkable that there is. 

 in this respect, a sexual difference with the Panorpidae ; the males have 

 three pairs of very long, tortuous tubes, while, with the females, the only- 

 vestiges of this apparatus are two indistinct vesicles/"' Among the Or- 

 thoptera, the salivary organs are entirely absent with the Libellulidae, and 

 Kphemeridae. On the other hand, they are highly developed with the 

 Achetidae, Acrididae, Locustidae, Mantidae, Blattidae, Termitidae, and 

 Perlidae, where they consist of two, four, or six botryoidal masses of 

 vesicles, situated in the thorax, and having long, excretory ducts, beside, 

 also, often long-pedunculated pyriforra reservoirs/^' Among the Hemi- 

 ptera,'''^' these organs are absent with the Aphididae and the Psyllidae ; but, 

 on the other hand, they are very large and of a remarkable structure with 

 the Bugs and Cicadidae. Here they are nearly always lobulated, and are di- 

 vided by a constriction into two portions, of which the upper is much smaller 

 than the lower, and often both have long digitiform processes. The excretory 

 duct divides, immediately after its origin, into two special canals of equal 

 or very unequal length, which extend, serpentinely, first, into the abdom- 

 inal cavity, and then ascend to the mouth/^^' Beside these two constricted 

 glands, many Bugs have, also, one, rarely two pairs of simple salivary 

 tubes,'"^' which are often dilated, vesiculiform, at their extremity.'^''' The 

 salivary organs of the musical Cicadidae differ in many respects from those 

 of the others of this family ; for, beside the two simple tortuous tubes, there 

 is, in the head, another pair of glands, composed, each, of two tufts of short, 

 cylindrical caeca, situated one behind the other. ^^'^ It is yet undetermined 



7 See L. Dufour, Ann. d. Sc. Nat. IV. 1824, PI. with Ranatra, Nepa, Naucoris, Corixa, Redu- 

 XXIX. fig. 4, 5, XIV. 1840, PI. XI. fig. 16. vius, anrl Si/rtis. One is very long and the other 



8 See L. Dufour, Kecherch. &c. p. 390, fig. 48, very short with Tetyra, Pentatoma, Syromastes, 

 72, 109, 148 {Apis, Andrena, Philanthus, and Coreus, Lys^aeus, Aphrophora and Cercopis 

 Xyphidria. With the Hydrocorisae, above cited, the two sali 



y With the Coleoptera, the ramified glands end vary glands are, moreover, composed of numerous 



in long, tortuous caeca ; while with the Hymenop- round secretory vesicles. In general, these glands 



tera, their extremities are vesiculiform, thereby have been regarded as composed of two vesicles 



giving the whole gland a botryoidal aspect. each of which has a proper e.Kcretory duct ; but 



10 See L. Dufour, Recherch. &c. p. 563, fig. this view is incorrect. The two e.xcretory ducts 

 179, 184, 191, 192, 208, 209 {Myrmeleon, Sialis, are always the result of the division of a common 

 Hemerobius, and Phry^anea). trunk which arises at the constricted point of the 



11 See Brants, Tijdschr. voor naturl. Geschid. gland. With Ranatra, alone, the anterior is en- 

 en Plfysiologie, 1839, p. 173 ; and L. Dufour, tirely separated from the posterior portion of the 

 Recherch. &c. p. 582, fig. 169 {PanorpaX gland.f 



12 See L. Dufo ur , Recherch. &c. p. 296, PI. I.- 15 There is only one pair of simple salivary glands 

 V. XIII. {Tridactylus, Oedipoda, Gryllotalpa, with Tetyra, Pentatoma, Pyrrhocoris, Lygaeus, 

 Ephippigera, Mariti», Blatta, Termes, and Naucoris, Nepa ana Ranatra ; two pairs with 

 Perla).* Coreus and Alydns. With Nepa and Ranatra, 



13 For the salivary organs of the Hemiptera, see, they dilate into an oval reservoir. 



beside Ramdohr, loc. cit. Taf. XXII. X.VIII. W Syrtis, Reduvius, Pe/egonus, una Corixa. 



especially L. Dufour, Recherch. sur les Ilemi- !;■ See L. Dufour, Ann. d. Sc. Nat. V. 1825, p. 



pt^res, p. 118, PI. I. IX. 158, PI. IV. and Recherch. &c. PI. VIII. 



14 The two excretory ducts are of the same length 



* [ § 339, note 12.] See also Leidy, loc. cit. p. dornen ; while the other two are about one-fourth 



S2 (Spectrum femoratum). — Ed. as long. Beside these, on each side of the oesoph- 



t [ § 339, note 14.] W'ith Belostoma, the agus, there is situated a sigmoid caecal pouch 



«alivary glands are four in number, are of con- which opens by a narrow duct into the commence- 



glomerate structure and situated on each side of ment of the oesophagus in the vicinity of the termi- 



the oesophagus into the commencement of which nation of the salivary ducts ; these are perhaps 



they empty. Two of them are long and extend reservoirs of the saliva ; see Leidy, loc. cit. )). 63, 



backwards as far as the commencement of the ab- — Ed. 



