438 THE INSECTA. § 344, 



pupae, respire by two stigmata situated on the sides of the cephalo^- 

 thoras/i"> 



Most of the acephalous larvae of Diptera have only four stigmata, of 

 which two are situated on the truncated extremity of the abdomen, and the 

 two others, smaller, upon the sides of the second segment of the body. 

 These last have sometimes a tubular form, and with some species, are evea 

 divided digitiformly at their extremity /^^^ With the larvae of many Syr- 

 phidae and Tachinariae, the two posterior stigmata consist of two siphons, 

 which are often fused into one/^-^ The larvae of the Coccidae have only 

 four stigmata situated on the under side of the middle portion of their 

 body/^'^^ Most of the larvae of the Goleoptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, 

 as well as the cephalous ones of the Diptera, have numerous stigmata situ- 

 ated on each side in the middle of the segments of the body, and which 

 are never wanting, constantly, except with the second and third thoracic^ 

 and the last abdominal segments. 



§ 344. 



The mxmerous differences of the trachean system ™ in the various 

 families of the Insecta may be classed under two principal forms. 



1. With the first and most common, there are two large lateral trunks 

 upon the sides of which open trunks which arise from the stigmata. From 

 these lateral trunks branch off tracheae to the various parts of the body. 



2. With the second form, the trunks which arise from the stigmata or 

 trachean branchiae, directly ramify over the organs, but give off, both 

 forwards and backwards, branches of communication to the neighboring 

 trunks. The branches of one and the same segment frequently inter- 

 anastomose by transverse trunks. 



Often these two forms of tracheae coexist in the same individual. la 

 many cases, the secondary tracheae, in opening into the main trunks, are 

 dilated into a large vesicle, or have upon their course numerous similar 

 vesicles which give the whole system a varicose aspect. 



Among the Aptera, the trachean system is of the first form with the 

 Pediculidae, Nirmidae, and Poduridae.^-^ But the Lepismidae form an 

 exception in this respect, each of their stigmata opening into a trunk, 

 which, without anastomosing with the neighboring trunks, is isolatedly 

 ramified.''^' 



With the Hemiptera, the trachean system presents many modifications. 

 The trunks arising from the stigmata, sometimes ramify without anastomos- 

 ing, and sometimes open into two lateral trunks. The musical Gicadidae 



10 See my Memoir in PTiesmann's Arch. 1843, 2 With the Poduridiie, the six trachean branches 

 I. Taf. VII. given off frmn the two main trunks, liave each an 



11 See BoudU, Naturgesch. d. Insekt. Taf. V. oval dilatation ; see Nicolet, loc. cit. p. 47, PI. IV. 

 VI.; L. Dufour, Ann.d. Sc. Nat. XII. 1839, fig. 3. 



PI. II. III., and XI 11. 1840, PI. III. and I. 1844, 3 GuMn (Ann. d. Sc. Nat. V. 1836, p. 374) 



V\.W'l.{Tachina,Anthomyia,HeLomyza,SapTO- thinks that the trachean system is wanting with 



myza, Piophila, &c.). Machilis ; but tiiis must be incorrect, for Bur- 



1'^ The siphon is very long, articulated, and situ- ineistef (Isis, 1834, p. 137) has observed this sys- 



ated at the extremity of the body with the larvae of tern with Lepixma, with which it had for a long 



Eristalis ; see Hiaumur, Mem. loc. cit. IV. PI. time before been sought in vain. I have very dis- 



X.XX. XXXII. tinctly observed it in Machilis, as well as in Le- 



I'i See liurmeister, Ilandb. &c. II. Taf. I. fig. pism.a,&nA its organization is the same in both. 



10-12. The vesicles wliicli, with Marliilis, are situated on 



1 See, beside the works of Burmeister arul La- the sides of the abdomiiiiil apijcinliiges, and which 



eordaire, the work of Marcel de Serres, in the GuJrin thinks are rcsjjiratory organs, must havo 



M6m. du Mus. IV. p. 3i;i. another function. 



