462 THE INSECTA. ^ 354. 



ular apparatus consists of only two simple, longer or shorter eaeca/^''^ 

 which are sometimes quite long and torose/^' Another series of Coleop- 

 tera have four to eight caecal appendages, disposed in pairs, and variable 

 as to length and volume. One of these pairs is probably only a reservoir 

 for the secreted product of the others/*^' The Ductus ejaculatorius is 

 always very muscular, and with very many species, quite long and flexu- 

 ous, and the penis therefore can be widely protruded during copulation. 



§354. 



The Copulatory organs of the male Insecta are valve-like or forficulate, 

 horny appendages,^^* which are so variable in their form that the most 

 allied species diöer, in this respect, widely and constantly. <-* 



Beside these proper copulatory organs, situated at the posterior extremity 

 of the abdomen, there are often on the antennae, the parts of the mouth, 

 the legs and other regions of the body, auxiliary organs used for seizing 

 and retaining the female, and which have long been objects of careful 

 description in zoology. 



With most Hemiptera, the posterior extremity of the abdomen conceals 

 a horny capsule which contains a protractile, tubular penis. With very 

 many Diptera, the copulatory organs project prominently in the same 

 region of the body, and consist often of two horny valves of different forms 

 which envelop a rather long penis.*''' The Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, 

 Orthoptera, and Neuroptera, have two pairs of valves, one internal, the 

 (Other external, which enclose a tubular or groove-like penis. <■*' 



The Epheraeridae and the Strepsiptera, only, are distinguished by their 

 very simple copulatory organs; for with the first there is only a simple 

 penis without a valvular apparatus. This last is replaced by two long, 

 small, triarticulated stylets, situated on the penultimate abdominal seg- 

 ment and curved inwardly ; while with the Strepsiptera, the penis, also 

 ■naked and horny, is so articulated that it can be applied laterally against 

 the abdomen, like the blade of a knife in its handle. 



With the Libellulidae, however, the orifice of the Ductus ejaculatorius is 

 most simple, being covered only by two very small oval valves. But the 

 penis is not wanting with these Insecta ; it is singularly concealed, together 

 with a horny-walled seminal vesicle, in a fossa situated at the base of the 



40 With the CaraVjidae, Hydrocanthari, and with they been well understood, the formation of many 

 Mordella, Anthribiis, Galeruca and CoccineUa. bad species niiglit have been i)revented. They 



41 Me.lotontlia, Cetnnia and Lucanus ; six L. prevent allied species from producing bastards by 

 Viifour, Straiix, and iliickoin, li)C. cit. adulterous connections, for tlie hard parts of the 



4:i With the Staphyliiiidae, Oantliaridae, Byrrhi- male corresjiond so exactly with those of the female, 



dae, Klateridae, Tillidae, Meloidae, Teiiebrionidae, that the orj^'ans of one species cannot fit those of 



I'yrochroidae, Deruieslidae, Cerambycidae, with another. L. Dufour has, therefore, properly 



Doiificin, lleteroceriix, &c. ; see L. Diifoiir, termed these copulatory organs as " la i^arantia 



Suckow, loc. cit. and Brandt, McmIIz. ZooI. II. dc la rdiism aliun des types, et la sauvegarde 



Taf. XVII. XIX. This glandular apparatus is de la hmh mih de re/tpice:'' 



Bpecially developed with IJi/drop/iilus piceus, 3 This Iimhi.n .ipparatus, from its large and oftea 



where, of the four pairs, one is (listinguiMlied for its tinnid lateral valves is ijuite prominent with tha 



length and thickness, and is composed at its e.xtrem- nolichoiiidae, Kmpidiu', with Asilus, Lapfiria, 



jty of numerous .small follicles; see Stvammrr- Ctenophura, Neinatuc.era, and other Tipulidae. 



damvL, Bib. der Nat. Taf. X.VII. tig. 4; L. JJii- See Hctiummel, Beitr. zur Entomol. Taf. I.-III. 



four, li)C. cit. VI. rl. VI. flg. 7, and Suckow, loc. (Tipula). 



cit. Taf. X. tig. 1, ."5. 4 With the Panorpidae, these copulatory organs 



1 See llurmeister, Ilandb. &c. I. p. 22Y, Taf. are changed into very large pincers ; while with 



XIII. P/syche, the very long penis is protractile like the 



-' As yet, these differences in form of the external tubes of a telescope, thus enabling these Imtterflie» 



male organs have been of little service to entomolo- to copulate with tlien- females which remain coa- 



gistü in the distinction of species, although, had cculcd in ä;icks. 



