368 Vofjage of the Novara. 



himself has a well-selected, valuable, and extensive library 

 of rare Chinese works on geography, natural science, history, 

 philology, and numismatics, and presented a number of 

 valuable gifts to the Expedition. One of his colleagues. 

 Dr. Ph. Winnes, also a German, and a missionary from the 

 Mission Society of Bale, compiled for us a list of words of 

 the Hakka dialect, as spoken in the interior of the province of 

 Quang-Tung, hitherto so little known philologically. It is 

 indeed astonishing what English, and Grerman, and Ameri- 

 can missionaries have effected as publicists, during the short 

 period they have been resident here. The educational and 

 religious works published in Chinese -at the expense of the 

 various religious societies form already quite a respectable 

 literature of themselves, although the Chinese language puts 

 as many obstacles in the way of mere Christian civilization 

 as in that of tlie propagation of the^Evangile itself. Most of 

 the missionaries consider any attempt to substitute Romish 

 for Chinese characters as being quite vain. The indistinct- 

 ness of Chinese signs has already been fruitful of much 

 controversy among the missionaries themselves. Thus, for 

 example, those engaged in promulgating the Christian faith 

 are not as yet agreed by what Chinese word the God of 

 Christianity may best be indicated. The Roman Catholic 

 missionaries write TientscJiu (the Highest of all things) ; the 

 English and German Protestants use the sign Schang-Ti (the 

 Most High) ; the American Protestants make use of the word 

 Schin (Spirit). These varieties of opinion as to the mode of 



