PREFACE. XI 



all original illustrations ; and also two other kinds of references, — first, all 

 manuals in common use, such as those of Morris, Fernald, and French; 

 and second, references to the unpublished illustrations of Abbot and of 

 Glover. As regards the common names, I have only to refer to Excursus 

 XXV. The measurements of the butterflies have been made on the fol- 

 lowing plan for each sex separately : Choice was made at the time of the 

 description, when tlic largest possible number of specimens were collected, 

 of the largest and smallest individuals based on a measurement of their 

 spread of wing ; an average specimen of what was deemed the ordinary 

 size was tlien selected by the eye, and all measurements were based on 

 these three individuals. This will account for the occasional lacunae 

 which were never lilled by measurements from different individuals. 



There remains only the pleasing task of thanking those without whose 

 generous and welcome aid my work would have been shorn of half its 

 value. From the moment of its announcement, years ago, assistance has 

 been offered from a hundred sources, from persons in all walks of life, 

 many of them then entirely unknown to me, who sent notes and speci- 

 mens of the greatest importance, especially of the early stages of our 

 butterflies ; so much so, that at one time it was difficult to pursue the 

 systematic outdoor studies I intended, so constant was the flow of needed 

 material. The memory of those first beginnings of the work will always 

 be fresh in my mind, and in particular the kind assistance of Miss Clarissa 

 Guild and Messrs. J. B. Hambly, W. Saunders, C. A. Emery, J. A. Liutner, 

 C. E. Hamlin, and F. A. Clapp, who were constant in their transmission of 

 specimens. Since then, most important material of the same sort has been 

 received from Judge Chapman of Florida, Dr. Eiley of Washington (both 

 of these with abundant- notes), Messrs. H. Edwards of New York, and 

 F. G. Sanborn, F. H. Sprague, and G. Dimmock, of Massachusetts, besides 

 Misses Soule and Eliot and Mr. S. Lowell Elliot. If I have not in con- 

 nection with this mentioned Mr. W. H. Edwards, it is only because I wish 

 to make special acknowledgment of repeated and constant favors through 

 a score of years in the gift and loan of specimens, and the use of drawings. 

 Without his aid the book would be far more incomplete. Then, there are 

 many from whom I have received hardly less important favors, including 

 longer or shorter lists of captures with their seasons, which have been of 

 great importance to me, the loan or gift of specimens for description, illus- 

 tration, or dissection. I do not know whether, in the lapse of time since 

 some were received, I can now recall them all, but I set down their names 

 as they chance to occur to me, and among them will be recognized many a 

 known entomologist : Messrs. J. G. Jack, Holmes Hinckley, E. L. Morton, 

 Roland Thaxter, Samuel Henshaw, Iloland Hay ward, P. S. Sprague and son, 

 James Angus, N. H. Bishop, L. Trouvelot (who painted also many of the 

 insects), C. S. Minot, Profs. William Cook, A. E. Verrill, Sanborn Tenney, 

 Messrs. J. G. Shute, N. C. Greene, E. B. Reed, H. Gillman, W. V. Andrews, 

 H. H. Ballou. C. P. Whitney, A. B. Foster, Profs. A. S. Packard, E. L. Mark, 



