xii PREFACE. 



S. I. Smith, Mrs. A. G. Whittemore and H. P. Nichols, Messrs. A. Babcock, 



D. W. Beadle, S. Stebbins, G. J. Bowles, Theodore F. McCurdy, E. Norton, 



E. L. Graef, T. L. Mead, J. E. Meyer, P. R. Uhler, B. P. Mann, Wm C. Fish, 

 Col. T. W. Higginson, Drs. G. F. Waters, J. C. Merrill, Walter Faxon, Wm. 

 Wittfeld, Eevs. C. J. S. Bethune, W. P. Alcott, and W. J. Holland, Profs. 

 G. H. French, C. H. Fernald, T. C. Chamberlin, A. J. Cook, Messrs. Charles 

 Wright, W. Ho wells, Carl Braun, J. A. Allen, M. W. Harrington, G. W. 

 Belfrage, E. P. Austin, Austin Bacon, B. Billings, James Fletcher, J. E. 

 Chase, Wm. Couper, A. Pt. Grote, C. J. Maynard, J. M. Jones of Halifax, 

 H. K. Morrison, F. B. Caulfield, G. M. Dodge, Profs. H. W. Parker, F. P. 

 Atkinson, Lawrence Bruner, L. R. Gibbes, Misses Harrington, Mary E. 

 Murtfeldt, Mattie Wadsworth, Messrs. John Akhurst, E. A. Hchwarz, C. A. 

 Davis, H. H. Lyman, W. D. Marsh, E. M. Hulbert, Baron Osten Sacken, 

 Drs. Edward Palmer, G. M. Levette, H. A. Hagen, Juan Gundlach, George 

 C. Webber, and Messrs. Robert Howell, John McCallum, Charles H. Peck, 

 Tryon Reakirt, C. T. Robinson, A. W. S. Ritchie, C. A. Blake, L. L. Thaxter, 

 E. T. Cresson, 0. S. Westcott, E. A. Popenoe, J. Boll, James Behrens, and 

 G. W. Letterman. ' Nor must I forget the favors received from European 

 fpiends, — the late Drs. Boisduval and Herrich-Schaeffer, Dr. A. Speyer, Herr 

 Chr. Drewsen, M. A. SalM, Herr von Prittwitz, Herr P. C. Zeller, M. Th. 

 Goossens, and J. Jenner Weir, Esq., as well as the authorities of the British 

 and Paris museums during my visit to them. Mr. Sereno Watson has 

 given me very welcome assistance with the plant names. 



Acknowledgments are given upon the plates, or the explanations accom- 

 panying them, for many favors from friends, which need not be repeated 

 here ; but I owe a special debt of gratitude to Mr. Edward Burgess for his 

 kind aid in drawing for me the abdominal appendages of our butterflies, 

 and in most cases of making the dissections himself at great expense of 

 time and pains ; and my acknowledgments are due to Mrs. Todd, of Am- 

 herst, for her permission to let me copy her painting of New England 

 flowers and butterflies, which has been used for the temporary cover to 

 the parts during the issue of the work. 



Finally, I have warmly to thank my colleagues. Profs. Wm. M. Davis 

 and S. W. Williston, Messrs. L. 0. Howard, C. V. Riley, and Charles W. 

 Woodworth, and the writer of the Excursus on p. 1257, who have consented 

 to prepare chapters upon subjects related to my work, but with which I 

 was not sufficiently famihar to do them justice, — chapters which have 

 added in no small degree to its value. It should however be distinctly 

 stated that these writers, and particularly Messrs. Howard, Riley, and 

 Williston, are in no way responsible for the terminology of the butterflies 

 mentioned in their respective sections. The names are there employed as 

 they would have been had the chapters been written by myself. 



S. H. SCUDDER. 

 Cambridge, June 9, 1889. 



