20 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. 



in the Lycaeiiidae much earlier, the alimentary canal tapers suddenly, 

 beinii: en\vrap})ed by a strong band of investing muscles, and then enlarges 

 slightly and the intestine begins ; this also consists of a straight cylindrical 

 tube sin-rounded by thick walls of nuiscular tissue, both longitudinal and 

 encircling, the former especially distinct and moulding the interior walls 

 into very prominent longitudinal ridges ; of which there are seven or eight 

 in Hamadryas ; it is of equal size throughout, a little more than half the 

 diameter of the stomach, and generally extends halfway from the end of 

 the stomach to the end of the body. The colon is a simple straight tube 

 capable of considerable expansion, but of the same size as the intestine 

 when not distended by excrement ; usually much shorter than the intestine 

 and nearly globular when distended, it is sometimes (as in Callophrys) 

 nearly as long ; the inner surface is smooth, permitting the ready passage 

 of the excrement from the body. 



The salivary glands are a pair of long flat ribbons, extending from their 

 attachment at either side of the anterior end of the oesophagus, backward, 

 beside the alimentary canal. In Anosia they are straight, tapering slight- 

 ly and regvdarly to a bluntly rounded tip, and look like flattened braided 

 cords, being compressed along the median line, Avhile each side is deeply 

 excised at regular frequent intervals, into bead-like prominences. In 

 Polygonia they appear as scarcely tapering tortuous threads, and reach the 

 middle of the third thoracic segment, where they appear to be closely con- 

 nected with some of the tracheal tubes at the base of the laterodorsal spines. 

 They are straight, cylindrical, and scarcely tapering in Hamadryas, but 

 form large and broadly tortuous tubes in Callophrys, their extremities at- 

 tached near the middle of the thoracic region to the dorsal vessel. In the 

 lower families they are flattened and ribbon-like : in Eurymus bent abru^jt- 

 ly outward beyond the middle, tapering regularly to a bluntly rounded tip ; 

 in Epargyreus uniform in diameter, crinkled, reaching the front of the 

 stomach, where they arc attached to tissue about the dorsal vessel by a 

 slender suspensory thread. 



The malpighian or biliary vessels originate as slender organs, one on each 

 side of the middle of the anterior half of the intestine ; as tolerably large 

 sacs in Polygonia, Hamadryas, Callophrys and Eurymus, in slender 

 (Anosia) or very slender thread-like tubes, which either so continue 

 (Epargyreus) or expand into a sac (Euphoeades) ; at a short distance 

 from the origin the vessel sul)divides into three branches (the under branch 

 originating just before, in Epargyreus a short distance before, the other 

 two), which are strongly waved or crenulated cords, and are, throughout, 

 nearly or quite as large as the tube or sac at its very origin ; the under 

 branch passes forward usually in a tortuous but in Eurymus in a straight 

 course alcove the nervous cord, along and in contact with the under outer 

 surface of the stomach, to a distance varying according to the group, from 



