THE CHRYSALIS: EXTERNAL FEATURES. 29 



cealed by the anterior, which are .superimposed upon tlicni but allow of 

 their iippCarance to a greater or less degree along their whole superior and 

 .s(,nietinie.s posterior edge ; the inferior edges of the wings sometimes adjoin 

 near the tip, but usually the tongue and often also the antennae arc inter- 

 posed ; at the very base of the superior and to a lesser extent at that of the 

 inferior wings, the wing is shouldered, luunped or spined and to these 

 parts I have given the names of basal wing tubercles in my descriptions. 

 Sometimes the wings are not raised by the thickness of their thecae al)ove 

 the general contour of the body, but at others they are considerably raised 

 and°even ridged at their edges. The legs are actually all bent at the apex 

 of the femora, the femora directed forward, the tibiae and tarsi backward in 

 a straight line ; all the femora are therefore concealed ; the tibiae and tarsi 

 of the°first two pairs lie side by side tapering and converging slightly 

 toward their tip, the middle pair outermost, the two together filling the 

 space between the antennae and the tongue ; the hind pair, however, is 

 entirely concealed, lying beneath the front edge of the wings ; the appen- 

 dages then lie side by side from the ventral line outwards, in the following 

 vi,Jible (Hxler: (87:6,15) tongue, fore legs, middle legs, antennae, and 

 wings ; the tongue generally reaches as far as the wings but sometimes 

 (Lycaeninae and a few Nymphalidae) falls considerably short of it, and at 

 other times (some Hesperidae) extends far beyond them, the portion 

 beyond being free ; the antennae also usually extend just as far as the 

 wings, but sometimes {e.g., Papilioninae) fall short of them by about one- 

 fourth ; the wings usually reach nearly, sometimes quite, to the tip of the 

 fourth abdominal segment, ^^•hilc the middle legs are never more than 

 about two-thirds as long as the wings and the fore legs are shorter stUl, 

 especially in the Nymphalidae. In the suture between the pro- and meso- 

 thorax, close to its outermost limits, is the aperture of the thoracic spiracle 

 (87 :11), which is a narrow slit, in some groups {e.g., Nymphalidae) con- 

 cealed by a fold of the anterior edge of the mesothorax, and sometimes has 

 its presence marked by a minute oval blister of independent coloring upon 

 the mesothorax (Lycaeninae) ; while in others it is a minute circular orifice 

 bounded by an equal, rather broad, semicircle or semioval of velvety, very 

 close, and short pile, also upon the mesothorax (Hesperidae). Although 

 in the larval stage this thoracic spii-acle belongs to the prothorax its rela- 

 tions in the pupal stage are rather mesothoracic. 



The abdomen. The abdomen is cylindrical, consisting of ten seg- 

 ments, the third or fourth slightly larger than the basal, beyond them 

 tapering rather rapidly. The basai four segments, as already stated, are 

 concealed on the ventral surface by the appendages of the head and thorax, 

 but they as well as the fifth and sixth are evidently of uniform length 

 throughout; the seventh, eighth and ninth, however, are increasingly 

 contracted upon the under surface in most species, causing this surface of 



