CLASSIFICATION OF BUTTERFLIES. 55 



some waiTiint in the practice of" Linne. Owin^- probably to their mixed 

 character, tliese generic names have not been brought into general use. 



Borkhausen, the writer of the first distinctive work on European butter- 

 flies (1788), was the first to improve upon the classification of Linne by 

 cliaracters drawn from the perfect insect. The following represents his 

 classification : 



Ist Horde. Nyinpliiio. 4tli Horde. Danid [Pierinae]. 



Najades [^'allessidi and Nyiii- otli Horde, Pleheii riirales [Lyeaeiiinae]. 



plialidi]. Papiliones subeaiidati [Thecli- 



Dryades [Ariiyimidl]. di]. 



Ilamadryades [Melitaeidi]. Pap. nitili [Clirysophanidi]. 



Oreades [.Satyriiiae]. Pap. polyophthalini [Lycaeiiidi]. 



'2d Horde, E(Hiites [Papilioiiidi]. 6th Horde, Pleheii url)ico]ae [Hesperidae] . 

 od Horde. Heliconii [Parnassidl]. 



Borkhausen was the first author after Geoffroy to recognize the superior- 

 ity of the Nymphalidae, which he divided into groups already separated in 

 the Vienna Catalogue. At the same time he places the "Danai festivi" 

 wliere they belong, with the "Xymphae." Following still further the divi- 

 sions of Denis and SchifFermiiller, he divides the "Plebeii rurales" into 

 three grou]>s, which are wholly natiu-al. Had he simply place'd his fifth 

 horde next to the first, he would have shown a series leaving little room 

 for improvement. 



In his earlier works from 1775 to 1787 Fabricius followed closely the 

 divisions of his master Linne. Li his Entomologia systematica (1793), 

 he seems to have paid no attention to this classification by Borkhausen, 

 although he alters, but scarcely for the better, the system used l)y himself 

 in his earlier works, as will be seen by the following abstract : 



Genus Papilio. Daiiaii [former Danai 



Equites. N ymphales. candidi] . 



Trojani. Helcouii. Satyri. 



Achivi. Parnassii [former Heli- Genus Hesperia. 

 Festivi [Danai festivi of eoiiii]. Eurales. 



previous works]. Urbicolae. 



Besides the introduction of a new generic name to distinguish the smaller 

 butterflies, he has separated the Oreades of Borkhausen from the group in 

 which they were formerly coml)hied under the new name of Satyri, a name 

 which in various forms has since been used in preference to the earlier one 

 of Borkhausen ; and that, although the actual scientific worth of Fabricius's 

 system is far inferior to that of Borkhausen. He has also introduced the 

 new term Parnassii for the Heliconii of his former works, and given the 

 latter name to the exotic forms usually known since under that title. 

 Besides these vagaries he altered the sequence of the groups much for 

 the worse, as a com[)arison of the two will instantly show. 



In the same and following years Herbst, in the sixth to the ninth volumes 

 of his general work, proposes still another classification, in which a niun- 

 ber of new names are introduced, most of them in connection with natural 



