56 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. 



groups, but arraiigctl in a most irregular manner as appears from the fol- 

 lowing abstract which hardly needs discussion : — 



Consules [miscellaneous Nymphalidae] ; Nobiles [miscellaneous Nym- 

 phalinae] ; Tribuni [Euploeinae] ; Praefecti [Vanessidi] ; Praetores [some 

 Satyrinae] ; Vestales [Lemoniinae] ; Archontes [Apaturidi, Vanessidi, etc.] ; 

 Dictatores [some Satyrinae] ; Milites [Argynnidi and Melitaeidi] ; Ephori 

 [Theclidi] ; Gives [Lycaenidi] ; liustici [Ilesperidae] . 



In 1798 Cuvier in his Tableau e'lementaire divided Initterilies into the 

 two Fabrician genera Papilio and Hesperia, and the first of them into tlie 

 following groups : Nymphales, Danai, Parnassii, Heliconii, Equites, Plebeii. 

 These names correspond to their later use by Fabricius but are arranged in 

 a more natural order and with tlie (^mission of several employed in the Ento- 

 mologia systematica . 



In 1801 we come to the second faiuial work which treats of butterflies, 

 Schrank's Fauna Boica, and in this mc find, as in Borkhausen, a much 

 clearer appreciation of natural relationships. The butterflies of his district 

 were grouped into five genera, which were again subdivided into lettered 

 tribes to Avhich no names are given ; they are as follows : — 



Erynnis [He.spcridae] . 3I:miula. [Argynnidi]. 



Pieris. A [S-ityriimc]. D [Melitaeidi]. 



A ["Heliconii"]. B Apaturidi]. Oupido. 



B [''Equites"]. Papilio. A [Chryso]jliaiiidi]. 



C [Pieridi]. A [Xyuiphalidi]. B [Lvoaeindi]. 



D [Pvhodoceridi] . B [Vanessidi]. C [Theelidi]. 



It will be seen in the first place that Schrank follows precisely the order 

 of the Vienna Catalogue ; and next that he limits the genus Papilio to tlie 

 Nymphalidae and ignores Fabricius's genus Hesperia , which is equivalent to 

 his own Erynnis and Cupido coml)ined ; these he has strangely separated 

 at the widest extremes ; had his genus Cupido been placed between liis 

 Pieris and Maniola, little objection could be made to his arrangement ; as 

 it is, it remains of about equal value with that of Borkhausen, although 

 more fully freed from the injurious influence of the earlier authors. 



Latreille in Sonnini's Buff on (1805) first introduced a distinctive family 

 name, Papilionides, for all butterflies. His division into genera is as 

 follows ; 



Nymphalis. Danaida [Euploeinae]. 



Nyjiiphales prop. diet. Papilio [Papilionidi]. 



[Nyniphalidi Vanessidi, etc.], Paniassius [Parnassidi]. 



Perlati [Argynnidi and Melitaeidi], Pieris [Pierinae]. 



Satyri [Satyrinae]. Polyoniatus [Lycaeninae]. 



Heliconius. Hesperia [Hesperidae]. 



The serial value of this arrangement is an improvement u\)on that of 

 Schrank, although Polyonunatus is placed again in close connection with 

 Hesperia, as was first done by Linne. Generic names are for the first 

 time applied to the principal divisions of Fabricius. 



