58 THE BUTTP:RFLIES of NEAV EN(iLAND. 



Ti-ihus I. Kinnphales. Tribus II. Ge7itUe.s.—Gens. 



I. NcreiiU'S [Helk-ouinae] . I. Kustici [Lyc-aeninac]— ruraies. 



II. Limnade.s [Euploeinae] . II. Principes [Papilioninae]— nohiles. 



III. Lemoniades [Melitaeidi]— reticulati. III. Maueipia [Pierinae]— vulgares. 



IV. Dryades [Argynnidi]— ornati. IV. Consules [Liliytlieiiiae]— consults. 

 V. Hainadryades [Vanessidi]— undulati. V. UrlKUii [Ilesperidae]— ci\ilcs. 



VI. Najades [Nyniphalidi]— fasciati. 

 VII. Potamides [Apatiirldi]— plialerati. 

 VIII. Oreade;* [Satyrinae]— geminati. 



The same general scheme, with only the change of names I have indicated 

 above after the dashes, was used by Hiibner throughout his European 

 Butterflies, published from 180(i until liis death. The influence of Bork- 

 hausen is plainly seen in the nomenclature, but in the separation of the 

 Nymphalidae as a group of equivalent value to the rest of the butterflies 

 this scheme is unique. The Tentamen has, however, been completely over- 

 looked by later writers, though copied in principal by Ochsenheimer, as will 

 be seen shortly. 



From 1816 to 1836. The year 1816 gave birth to no less than three 

 distinct works of importance upon butterflies. The first in merit was that 

 of Dalman, who published in the Swedish Academy's memoirs an essay 

 upon the classification of the butterflies of Sweden ; in his definitions of the 

 o-roups, both of large and minor extent, he has brought into use the most 

 essential characters, drawn not only from the imago but from the larval 

 and pupal states, treating his subject in a manner more thoroughly sci- 

 entific than had ever been previously done. I subjoin in full at the top of 

 the next page the table which preceded his full characterization of the 

 o;roups, as it presents the divisions of the author in a succinct form, and 

 sliows the progress that had been made at that time by the best naturalists. 

 It will be noticed that while the sequence of the groups is similar to that 

 given in Latreille's earliest essay, the germs of several of the larger divisions 

 of later times are here first brouglit to light. 



The second work, published in the year 1816, to which we would call 

 attention, is the fourth volume of Ochsenheimer's European butterflies. 

 In his previous volumes, as in his Schmetterlinge Sachsens (1805), the 

 author had placed all the species under the genus Papilio ; now he divides 

 them without further classification into sixteen genera, arranged in the 

 following order : Melitaea, Argynnis, Euploea, Vanessa, Limenitis, Cha- 

 raxes, Apatura, Hipparchia, Lycaena, Papilio, Zerynthia, Doritis, Pontia, 

 Colias, Hecaerge, Hesperia. Notwithstanding his criticism of Hubner in 

 the preface, it will be seen that the sequence here, with the sole exception 

 of the position of i:uploea, is exactly tlie same as Hubner outlined a few 

 years before, and was then employing in his iconographic works. 



Finally the tliird work of this year was a more elaborate classification, 

 published by Hiibner in his Systematisches verzeichniss, an expansion of 



