60 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. 



in the introduction of the first three stirps, exotic groups omitted in the 

 latter ; the Lemoniinae have a strange place assigned them ; it was un- 

 doubtedly the character of the larva, with which he was acquainted, which 

 induced him to place the Libytheinae next the Pierinae. In these schemes 

 Hiibner is the first to place the Nymphalidae (in general) in opposition to 

 all the rest of the butterfiies. 



The last mentioned work of Hiibner is more remarkable for its minute 

 division of the genera than for anything else ; this division is founded 

 mainly upon appearances and patterns of coloration, — a significant and help- 

 ful but unsafe guide, by which he has been led into a great number of 

 errors ; yet it is safe to say that he had arrived at that early day at a clearer 

 idea of the minuter relationship among butterflies than almost any one 

 since his time ; and as only about seventy genera of butterflies had been es- 

 tal)lished previously to the publication of his w^ork, while he refers them to 

 more than four times as many generic groups (under the designation 

 Verein or Coitus*) , it is plain that a considerable portion of the names now 

 in use must perforce be referred to Hiibner. Yet this is not all, for each 

 one of his fifteen stirps was divided into families, sixty-two in number in all, 

 which in connection with his stirps formed the compound generic designa- 

 tions of his earlier works, designations to which, strange to say, he himself 

 returned six years later in his list of European butterflies. 



To return to the classification of Latreille as altered in his various works : 

 in the first edition of the liegne animal of Cuvier (1817), all the species 

 were classed again under one genus, Papilio, which Avas divided into several 

 subgenera arranged in much the same order as in his Genera Crustaceorum 

 et Insectorum, but without any larger groups. 



In the Encyclope'die me'thodique (1819) the order of the Considerations 

 ge'ne'rales was exactly fi^llowed with the introduction of a few new genera ; 

 the families, however, Avere designated "tribes," and a more minute sub- 

 division made ; among other things, doubtless from the influence of Leach, 

 the Lycaenidae w^ere separated from the other Papilionides as a distinct 

 division, but without name. 



In his Families naturelles (1825) he retains nearly the same sequence 

 of genera, excepting in placing Libythea nearer its true allies. The tribe 

 of Papilionides is, however, divided into two great groups, Hexapoda and 

 Tetrapoda (although the latter term is not directly employed) and the 

 latter are again divided into two unnamed groups corresponding to Nym- 

 phalidae and Lycaenidae ; within the former of these last two, other large 

 groups are recognized, as will be seen by the following general abstract of 

 his scheme, under the Family Diurna : — 



♦Hiibner employed the terra "genera" for terms to all the other categories, or new appli- 

 the species, and gave either new collective cations to old terms. 



