CLASSIFICATION OK I'.UTTKPv FLIES. 61 



Tri I )(■ I 'd/i if ion idi'ft. 

 Ilcxiipotla. 



A. I'lipilio, rnriuissins, Tli:iis. 

 |{. Culias, Piciis. 

 [Tctnipixla]. 



L A. I):iii;iicla, Iilca, ITclicoiiia, A<Taoa. 

 |{. 



a. 



* IVrlata (< ctliosia, Argyiuiis). 

 ** 



t Vanessa. 



ft F.iltythca, JJihlis, Xymphalis, Morpho. 

 I). I'avoiiia, I'rassolis, Euryl»ia, .Satynis 

 II. Arj,ais. 



1. ilyriua. I'olyoiiiiiiatiis, Eryctiiiu. 



2. IJarbiconiis, Zepliynis. 

 Tiiho IlesperiiJps (Hcsperia, Urania). 



Finally, in tlie second edition of Cuvier's Regno animal (1.S21)), he ob- 

 served the same order without employing any large groups, considering the 

 names formerly used as suhgcnera under one genus, Papilio. 



In 1S2;>, Dumeril divided the Globulicornes or Kopaloceres as he called 

 the butterflies into three genera, Papilio, Hesperia and Heteropterus. 



In 1828, Horsfield, tlioroughly imbued with the somewhat fanciful views 

 of MacLeay upon the classification of animals into quinary groups, proposed 

 to divide the buttei-flies, or the "Tribe Pa[)iliones" into five stirps called 

 respectively : — 



VtM'uiiforni stirjis [Lycaeninae] . 



C'hilo.iinatlufonn or Juliform stirp;^ [Papilionidao]. 



Chilopoiliform or Scolopendriforni stirps [Xymplialidao, excepting next gronjj]. 



Tliysanuriforni stirps [Satyrinae, Apaturidi]. 



Anopluriforni stirps [Hesperidae, Lenioniinae] . 



The construction of a special group equivalent to either of the others for 

 those butterflies whose larvae have a fijrkcd tail is too unreasonable, with 

 our })resent knowledge of butterflies, to admit of a single thought. But 

 some excellent remarks will be found in the work, especially in praise of 

 the A^'iener Verzeichniss. 



The quinary system of MacLeay also gained a voluble adherent in Swain- 

 son, who in the previous year (Phil, mag.) had asserted that "-where we 

 find the series of any particular group unbroken by sudden or al)ru[)t tran- 

 sitions, it will always be found to contain five others of an inferior descrip- 

 tion, two of Avhich will exhibit a perfection superior to the other three." 

 Accordingly he proposed the following main division of butterflies : 



ypieal | p.["/uo,^yae^' aberrant ^ Polyoniniatidac. 



C Hesperidae. 



:i Polyoniniati 



( HeHconidae. 



As these were not supposed to indicate a serial but only a circular ar- 

 rangement, the Heliconidae being regarded as as near to the Nymphalidae as 

 to the Polyommatidae, it was a clever attempt by one holding mathematical 

 views akin to squaring the circle. In his subsequent essays, however, as 



