CLASSIFICATIOX OF BUTTERFIJES. 63 



tlon of so luimy minor divisions, to wliidi an ecjuiviilent nink was accorded, 



tltat of families. Westwood divided the hiitterflies into six families in the 



followinii: order : Papilionidae, Ileliconidae, Xymphalidae, P^rycinidac, 



Lycaenidae, and IIesi)eridae ; the rai)ili(>nidae were further divided into 



two groii[)s. Excepting in the abnormal position of the Pa[)ilionidae, a 



legacy from many previous systems, the se(pience of the groups leaves little 



to be desired. 



In their Ilistoire naturelle des insectes (1840), Messrs. Blanchard and 



Brulle adopted most of the groups founded by Boisduval, but considered 



tJiem as subfamilies or tribes ; they arranged them also into four families 



whose secpience differs a little from that proposed by Boisduval, thus : 



Film. PapiUonians; tribes, Papillonites, Pieritcs. 



Fain. Nymphalu'ns; tribes, Pcriilroinites, Danaites, Heliconites, Arj,'ynnites, Bil)lites, Liby- 



tlieites, Nyiuplialites, Brassolites, Marphites, Satyrites. 

 Fain. En/cinienn; tribes, Lycaenitcs, Erycinites. 

 Fain. Hesperiens; tribe llesperitcs. 



Duponchel in his Catalogue mcthodique (1844) divided the "Diurna" 

 into thirteen tril)es with no interAcning groups. They are [)laced in the 

 following order : Danaidae, Argynnidae, Vanessidae, Libythcidae, Xym- 

 phalidae, Satyridae, Papilionidae, Parnassidae, Pieridae, Rhodoceridae, 

 Lycaenidae, Erycinidae, Hesperidae. Here again for the first time, for 

 many years, the nymphalid groups are placed above the others, but the 

 Lycaenidae and Erycinidae are still placed next the Hesperidae. It re- 

 sembles the arrangement by Latreille in Sonnini's BufFon. 



In 1848 began the publication of the great work of Messrs. Doubleday 

 and Hewitson on the Genera of butterflies, continued by Westwood in 

 the place of Doubleday after the death of the latter. As Westwood fre- 

 quently expresses his dissent from the classification of the larger groups 

 adopted in the latter half of the work, and states that he has endeavored 

 simply to complete the work as entirely as possible in accordance with the 

 views of his predecessor, we must speak of the general classification as 

 throughout that of Doubleday. In this classical work Doubleday divided 

 the butterflies into numerous families without the intervention of larger 

 groups or the use of subfamilies ; his families are as follows : Papilionidae, 

 Pieridae, Ageronidae, Danaidae, Heliconidae, Acraeidae, Xymphalidae, 

 Morphidae, Brassolidae, Satyridae, Libythcidae, Eurytelidae, Erycinidae, 

 Lycaenidae, Hesperidae. The Xymphalidae are thus broken up into an 

 unusual number of groups, each of which is considered of fiunily value and 

 equivalent to such large assemblages as the Lycaenidae or Hesperidae. 



Stephens's arrangement as given in the British Museum Catalogue of 



English insects (1850) is as follows : — 



Fam. Papilionidae; subfamilies, Papilionidi, Rhoiloceridi, Pieridi. 



Fam. Niimphalidae; sul)fainilies, Satyridi, Xymphalidi, Vanessidi, Argynnidi. 



Fain. Erycinidae. 



Fam. Lycaenidae. 



Fam. Hesperidae. 



