64 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. 



The only thing to be noticed in this arrangement, when compared with 

 its recent predecessors, is the high rank accorded to the 8atyridi ; no sub- 

 famihes were admitted among the Xyinphalidae in his previous catalogue, 

 nor were the Satyrinae placed at the head of tlie Xymphalidae. 



Heydenreich in 1851 publislied a catalogue of European Lepido})tera in 

 which there was no higher division of the butterflies than genera and these 

 followed the order of Ochsenheimer. 



Lederer in his attempt at a serial distrilnition of Euroi)ean butterflies 

 (Vcrhandl. zool.-bot. Ver. Wien, 1852) employed nine famiUes, placing 

 Equites, Pierides, Lycaenoidae and Erycinides under Succincti ; Liby- 

 theoidae, Nymphalides, Danaides and Satyroidae under Pendulae ; and 

 closing with the Hesperioidae. The influence of Boisduyal is marked. 



In his Scandinavian butterflies (1853), AVallengren has introduced a 

 new arrangement, in which Dalman's principal divisions are recognized. 

 The butterflies are first divided into two families, Papiliones and Hesperi- 

 oidae, and the former sul)divided thus : — 



Sect. I. Tetrapodes. Tribe IV. Parnusii. 



Tribe I. Satyroidae. ' V- Equites [Papilioiiitli] . 



II. Nymplaalides. VI. Lycaenoidae. 



Sect. II. He.rapodes. Sect. III. Ileteropodes. 



Tribe III. Helicouides [Pieriiiae]. Tribe VII. Erycinides. 



It is evident that he has been carried too far in his valuation of the 

 structure of the fore legs when he unites the Lycaenoidae with the other 

 liexapoda in distinction from the Erycinides. Xor is any reason given 

 why the Heteropodcs would not be in their logical position between the 

 other two sections. 



Lucas in Chenu's Encyclopedic (l85o) publislied an abstract of the 

 o-enera gixcn by Doubleday and AVestwood, altering somewhat the dispo- 

 sition of the groups, as the following table will show : — 



Earn, rupilionii. Tribe Nympbalidae. Div. Biblitae. 



'< NympTialii. Div. Argynitae. " Satyritae. 



Tribe Ageronidae. " Nymphalitae. Fani. Enjcinii. 



" Danaidae. " Morpbitae. Sect. Lycaenitae. 



" Ileliconidae. " T.rassolitae. " Erycinitae. 



" Acreidae. " Liliytbeitae. Eani. Hesperii. 



In 1854, P)ruant, like Wallengren, proposed to separate the Nymphalidae 

 from the rest of the butterflies on account of the structure of the fore legs ; 

 the following is his classification : — 



Div. I. Four ambulatory legs. Triljus 4. rolyonunatidae. 

 Tribus 1. Satyridae. " 5- Tieridae. 



•• 2. Nympbalidae. " «• Parnaj^sidae. 



" 3. Argyuuides. " T. Papilionidae. 



Div. II. Six ambulatory legs. " 8. Ilesperidae. 



Perhaps the most peculiar characteristic of this arrangement is the 

 unequal value of the tril)es, but in the sequence it is a clear improvement 

 upon Wallengreu's scheme. 



