C'LASSIFTCATIOX OF BUTTERFLIES. 65 



Heinemann's usetnl and well digested work on the Lepido[)tera of Ger- 

 many and Switzerland (1.S51I) arranged the buttei-flies in eight families in 

 the following order : — Satyridae, Xyni[)halidae, Libythcidae, P^ryeinidae, 

 Polyonimatidae, Kquitidae, Pieridae and Ifesperidac; an excellent scheme 

 which showed that the influence of their earlier students had not forsaken 

 Gcrinany. 



From 1861 to 1886. The reaction from a classification dividing but- 

 terflies into a great number of groups to which equal value was accorded, 

 seems to have begun with Bates, who, in 1861 (Journ. ent.) proposed the 

 following ai'rangement, in which it will also be noticed that the Papilionidae 

 are placed low in the scale, as by Bruant and Ileinemann. 



Faiii. Xtjmplirdidae. Fiun. Eri/cinidae. 



8ul)f;iin. Acraeiiiae. Suhfani. Lil)ytheinae. 



" Heliconinac. •' Stalafhtinae. 



•' Danainac. " Erycininac. 



" Satyrinae. Fain. Lycaenidae. 



*' Brassolinac. " Fapilionidae. 



" Nynipbalinae. Subfam. Pierinao. 



" Papilioninao. 

 Fam. Hesperidae, 



In 1864 (Trans. Linn. Soc.) this scheme was so modified as to bring 

 the first two subfamilies of the Nymphalidae between the Brassolinae and 

 Xymphalinae, doubtless on account of the structure of the caterpillar. 



In the following year Trimen issued his Rhopalocera Africae australis in 

 which the classification of Doubleday and Westwood was expressly fol- 

 lowed ; while the Felders published (Wien. ent. Monatsschr.) a list of 

 butterflies of the Eio Xegro in which these w^re separated into a dozen 

 families in the following order : Papilionidae, Pieridae, Lycaenidae, Ery- 

 cinidae, Libytheidae, Danaidae, Acraeidae, Helicon idae, Xymphalidae, 

 Biblidae, Satyridae, Hesperiidae ; this essay is mentioned because the 

 authors adopted the same order in their great work on the Xovara Lepidop- 

 tera in 1864-67, excepting that a fiimily X^eriidae [Stalachtinae Bates] Avas 

 added after Erycinidae, and Eumesiidae after Satyridae. 



The ideas promidgated by Bates did not at once take root, for in an 

 advanced text-book of the day we find Gerstaecker (Cams, Handb. Zool., 

 ii : 1863) following mainly the order proposed by BoisduAal, but placing 

 the Erycinidae and Lycaenidae under Boisduval's Suspensi ! 



Gruppp I. Succiiicta (Equltes, Pieriilae). 



Gruppe II. Suspensa (Danaidae, Heliconidae, Acraeidae, Xymphalidae, ^[orpbidae, 

 Satyridae, Libytheidae, Erycinidae, Lycaenidae). 

 Gruppe III. Ilesperiadae. 



So also in the following year Herrlch-SchaefFer, in his Prodromus, gives a 



new classification of buttei'flies in which several more minor groups are 



credited with a family rank and no intermediate divisions used ; the 



"families" follow each other in the following sequence: Heliconina, 



Danaina, Brassolina, Biina, Iletaerina, Satyrina, Elymniina, Eagadina, 



