CLASSIFICATION OK BUTTERFLIES. 67 



Nijinphalidue ; siilifam., Danaiiiac, Satyriiiao, Elyimiiiiiac, Murpliiiiao, Rntssolinao, A(;raci- 



nae, Ilolicoiiinao, Nymiilialinac 

 LemoniUlne ; sul)faiii., IJItytliciiiac, Ni'incohiinao, EiiseluHiiiiac, f.omoiiiinap. 

 Lycaenidae. 



Pdpilionidap. ; siilifani., I'icrinao, I'apiliDiiinac. 

 Hesperidap. 



In tlie same ve:ir, too, appeared in England a work on Britisli buttei'flics 

 by Xewnian, reniarkal)le more for tlie origination of new names tlian any- 

 thing else, bnt still indicating that the awakening In'oiight about by Bates 

 was bearing fruit in independent thought. The interest attached to the 

 grou})ing is that, like the Wiener Verzeic^hniss, it is founded largely upon 

 characters drawn from the early stages. The buttei^flies are termed "Lejn- 

 doptera pedunculata " in view of the development of the cremaster, and are 

 divided first into Detegentes and Celantes ; the latter comprise the family 

 Hesperidae, while the former are subdivided as follows : — 



i. Suspensl. 



a. Spinigori (Argynnidao, Melitaoidap, Vaiiessidao, Noptidao). 



b. Liinaeifonuos (Apaturidae, Satyridao). 

 ii. Succincti, 



a. Onisciformes (Erycinidae, Lycaenidae). 



b. Cylindracei, sen Vermiformos (Rhodoeeridae, Papilioniilae, Pioridae). 



A curious and indefensible thing about this minor grouping (for which 

 no reasons are given or can be inferred from the context) is placing the 

 swallow-tails between the yellows and the w^hites ; but as a whole, it has 

 some marked merits. 



A somewhat similar attempt, largely based on larval characters, was 

 made by a French naturalist, better known for his work on the lower fami- 

 lies of Lepidoptera, Mr. Guene'e. In 1875 he prepared a list of the Lepi- 

 doptera of the department of Eure-et-Loir in which he proposed the following 

 somewhat complicated classification, in which the atrophy of the legs was 

 recognized, but not given any special value. 



Div. BicalcaraU. Phal. Tetrapi. Leg. Onisciformes. 



Leg. Fusifornies. Trib. Spinosae. Phal. Micropi. 



Phal. Hexapi. Fam. Argynnidae. Tril>. Sulcati, 



Trib. Tentaculatae. Fam. Yanessidae. Fam. Tlieelidae. 



Fam. Papilionidae. Trib. Caruucidatae. Fam. Lycaenidae. 



Trib. Granulosae. Fam. Nympbalidae. Phal. Ileteropi. 



Fam. Pieridae. Fam. Apaturidae. Fam. Nemeol)idae. 



Fam. Rhodoceridae. Trib. Furculae. Div. Qnadricalcaratl. 



Fam. Satyridae. Fam. Hesperidae. 



In 1872, I published the first expression of my views on the classifica- 

 tion of butterfiies in a Systematic revision of our New England species, 

 with a few others. Then believing that the law of priority should be ex- 

 tended to all the higher groups as well as to genera and species, and 

 finding a great neglect of the names employed by the founders of the sci- 

 ence, I endeavored to introduce these names anew, — an attempt which 

 probably somewhat obscured my main purpose of introducing a more 



