G8 THE BUTTERFLIES OF XEW ENGLAND. 



rational classification of the insects themselves. The present adoption of 

 the sensible rules of nomenclature promulgated by the American Ornithol- 

 oo-ists' Union no longer requires adherence to this standard. The scheme 

 adopted, which of course did not comprise such groups as were exclusively 

 tropical, was as follows : — 



Fuin. Nymph ales Uim. [Nyinphalidae] . Subfam. Epliori Hcrbst [Lycaeuiuae] . 



Siibfam. Oreades Borkh. [Satyrinao]- Tribe Arniati Iliibii. [Thcclkli]. 



" TribuniHerbst. [Euploeinae]. " Adolescentcs Hiibu. [Lycaeiiidi] . 



" Najades Borkli. [Nymphaliuae] . " Villicantes Hubn. [Clirysopbaiiidi] . 



Tribe Archontes Herbst [Xyinphalidi] . Fain. PapUlrmides Latr. [Papilionidac] . 



" Phalerati Hubu. [Apaturidi]. Subfam. Danai Linn. [Pierinae]. 



" Praefecti Herbst [Vane.ssidi] . Tribe Fugacia Hubn. [Rhodoccridi] . 



" Dryades Borkh. [Argynnidi]. " Voracia Hiilni. [Pieridi]. 



" Hamadrj^ades Borkh. [Melitaeidi] . " Frugalia Hiibn. [Anthocharidi]. 



Subfam. HypatiHiibn. [Libytheinae] . Subfam. Equites Linn. [Papilioninae] . 



Yarn. Burales Fahr. [Lycaenidae] . Fam. TJrhicolue Fabr. [Hesperidae] . 

 Suljfam. Vestales Herbst [Lemoniinac] . 



As will be seen, this arrangement very closely follows the order of 

 Bates's classification, but differs somewhat in subordinate points. With 

 slight alterations the same classification was followed in my unfinished Syn- 

 onymic list of American butterflies (Buff. Bull. 18 75-7 (i). 



Burmeister in his Lepidoptera of the Argentine Republic (1878) fol- 

 lows Doubleday, as will be seen by the following order of his families : 

 Papilionidae, Pieridae, Danaidae, Heliconiidae, Nymphalidae, Satyridae, 

 Erycinidae, Lycaenidae, Hesperidae and Castniadae. 



Another European naturalist, resident like Burmeister in South America, 

 Constant Bar, published in the same year a critical essay on the classi- 

 fication of butterflies, in which, evidently availing himself only of such his- 

 torical information as came from French sources, and taking into primary 

 account the suspension of the chrysalis, the attitude of the wings of the 

 butterfly in repose, and the use of the front legs, he divided the "lihopalo- 

 ceres" into five sections and sixteen tribes, of which ten were given to the 

 Suspendues. The plan is as follows : — 



Suspendiies. Heliconides. Lycaenides. 



Satyrides. Lanaides. Variables. 



Brassolides ou Pavonidcs. Mechanitides. Erycinides. 



Morphides. Leptalides. Enroulees. 



Apaturides. Succinctes. Hesperides. 



Nymphalides. • Pi^rides. Endophytes. 



Acraeides. Papilionides. Castnides. 



Next come in sequence of time three important English works, which 

 follow substantially or completely the classification of Bates : these are 

 Moore's Lepidoptera of Ceylon, Marshall and de Niceville's Butterflies of 

 India, and Distant's superb volume on Rhopalocera Malay ana ; to which we 

 may add the second edition of Trimen's South African Butterflies, now 

 pu]>lishing. 



In a brief paper in the Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, 



