FAUNAL DISTRICTS OF NEW ENGLAND. 89 



N. S. Shalor. Fkiviatilc swamps of New Eughuul. Aiaor. Jouni. So. xxxiii, 1887, "ilO- 



221. Sea-coast swamps of the eastern United States. Sixth Ann. Rep. U. S. Geo). 



Survey, 359-398. 

 G. H. Stone. The Ivames of Maine. Proc. Boston Soc. Xat. Hist., xx, 1881, 430-469. 

 W. Upham. The formation of Cape Cod. Amer. Nat., xiii, 1879, 489-502, 5.52-565. Glacial 



drift in Boston and its vicinity. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xx, 1879, 220-234. 

 G. F. Wright. The Icames and moraines of New England. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 



XX, 1879, 210-220. 



THE ZOOLOGICAL DIVISIONS OF NEW ENGLAND. 



There's nothing situate under heaven's eye 

 But hath his bound, in earth, in sea, in sky : 

 The beasts, the fishes and the winged fowls 

 Are their males' subjects and at their controls. 



Shakespeare. — Comedy of Errors 



Probably no state in the Union presents so striking a variety in its 

 animal life as New Hampshire. Its northern and southern portions be- 

 long to distinct continental faunas ; above the forest growth of its colder 

 region rise some of the highest elevations east of the Rocky Mountains, 

 and these bleak altitudes support a vegetation and an assemblage of animals 

 intimately resembling those of Labrador and Greenland, while less than 

 two hundred miles distant flourish animals characteristic of subtropical 

 climes. 



What is true of New Hampshire is true to an even greater extent of 

 New England ; for in the northern hemisphere, rivers flowing south always 

 exert an influence upon the character of the inhabitants upon its banks, 

 and the Connecticut and Hudson, although navigable but short distances, 

 form no exception to the rule. At their southern extremities they reach a 

 warm coast and a latitude where numerous insects occur, whose true me- 

 tropolis is found in theCarolinas and Florida. Many of these, following 

 the course of the rivers, Avith their warm, moist banks, penetrate into the 

 heart of the country ; some are found in central Massachusetts, a few in 

 southern Vermont and New Hampshire, and one or two are found even in 

 the latitude of the White Mountains. So, too, in addition to the meagre 

 fauna found on the high mountain tops of New Hampshire — limited as 

 far as the butterflies are concerned to two species, — the northeastward 

 extension of Maine toward the Gulf of St. Lawrence doubtless brings 

 wdthin the limits of New England not a few forme characteristic of sub- 

 arctic climes. 



The attempt to divide any part of North America into distinct zoologi- 

 cal areas was first made by Professor Louis Agassiz in 1854, who sketched, 

 in Nott and Gliddon's Types of Mankind, a rude map and briefly character- 

 ized the peculiarities of the principal zoological divisions of the whole 

 world. He introduced the terms Canadian, Alleghanian and Louisianian 

 faunas, for the three distinct congeries of animals found in the northern, 

 middle and southern portions of our Atlantic coast. Five years later Dr. 



