106 THE BUTTERFLIP:S of new ENGLAND. 



costal nervules, originating at the extremity of the cell ; inner margin of hind wing 

 always embracing the abdomen, Tetrapod, the fore legs being unused and atrophied, 

 especially in the male, but in both sexes the terminal appendages of the last tarsal joint ab- 

 sent (excepting in Libytheinae, where the claws are present in the female), and both spines 

 and spurs of tibiae obsolete. Egg either reticulate and then ^sul>globular, or else vertically 

 ribbed and generally trellised over at least the upper half of the egg, and then never more 

 than one-half as high again as broad (with the possible exception of the Libytheinae). 

 Caterpillar at birth.— Hcud generally larger, never smaller, than the thoracic segments and 

 generally scabrous; when of the same size, the corneous crown of the head is never 

 encroached upon l)y the integument of the first thoracic segment, and the body is 

 covered either with series of very long hairs (in which e-ise most of them are acicular 

 and not clubbed at the tip) o.- with extre.nely shjrt and distant acicular hairs. Mattire 

 caterpillar generally cylindrical, the head usually held in a vertical position, larger 

 than the segments behind it, free and posteriorly contracted. Body furnished with 

 continuous rows of spines or smooth lenticles, or with discontinuous rows of fleshy 

 tubercles, or with short pile; in the last case either the head is tuberculate or the 

 last abdominal segment is furcate, or both, or the segments have but four transverse 

 and nearly equal divisions. Chrysalis generally angulate, often strongly angulate, 

 or if rounded, with shouldered prominences. It always hangs in a reversed position 

 by its tail alone, except in the rare case of a few Satyrinae, which are rounded, without 

 special prominences, have no cremastral hooks, and undergo their changes in a ci-evice 



upon or a cell in the ground, the head as high as or higher than the hinder end 



Fam. I. — Nymphalidae. 



B. Imar/o.— Front occupying but little more than the face and separated from the 



occiput by a slight suture between the antennae. Bases of antennae inserted in distinct 



sockets, which either clearly infringe on the inner edge of the eye, or are open next that 



edge. Prothoracic lobes minute, generally appressed to a mere lamina. Wings with the 



outer margin generally entire, especially in the fore wing, but the hind wing often tailed ; 



fore wings with only one inferior subcostal nervule, arising at the extremity of the cell ; inner 



margin of hind wings generally but not always embracing the abdomen. Hexapod, the 



front legs being employed in walking, and not atrophied excepting in some males 



(Lycaenidae, esp. Lemoniinae), where they are partially atrophied, and sometimes have 



the tarsi reduced to a single unarmed joint. Egg either smooth, or else reticulate (and 



then tiarate or hemispherical) , or else vertically ribbed and trellised (and then greatly 



elongated, nearly or quite twice as high as broad). Caterpillar at birth.— Head always 



smaller or no larger than the thoracic segments and usually smooth ; when of the same 



size, either the corneous portion of the crown is partially replaced by the integument of 



the first thoracic segment (that is, the cranium has no posterior surface), or the body 



is furnished with very long or very short hairs, almost all of which are clubbed 



nt the tip. Mature caterpillar cylindrical, or anteriorly enlarged, or onisciform. Head 



usually held in an oblique position, generally small, contractile and posteriorly incomplete. 



Body never furnished with spines, but either naked, or furnished with ranged 



filaments or discontinuous rows of tubercles (in which case the head is always smaller 



than the succeeding segments), or with short pile (when the head is uniform, the 



last abdominal segment entire and the segments divided transversely into six or 



more sections), or with fascicles of longer hairs. Chrysalis angulate or rounded, often 



with no prominences whatever. It hangs in various positions, Init is always attached 



not only by its tail, but also by a silken girth around the middle, and in rare cases is also 



enclosed in a feeble silken cocoon. Some few tropical Lemoniinae are said to lack the 



transverse girth, but to retain the normal position by the innnobility of the aljdominal 



segments. 



