120 THE BUTTERFLIP:S of new ENGLAND. 



in motion, with a somewhat flattened belly and short prologs, giving a 

 limaciform body, which is clothed with pile only ; the chrysalis is unusually 

 rounded and occasionally is not suspended, and the imago often has an 

 oblique patch of raised hairs or scales on the upper surface of the fore- 

 wings concealing the androconia, which remind one strongly of the similar 

 stigma one often finds in the Pamphilidi. That these peculiarities have 

 some phyletic meaning it is impossible to doubt, but they should not be 

 allowed to overshadow or in any way to conceal the great body of charac- 

 teristics by which this group forms a part of the great and varied family 

 Nymphalidae. 



7\.llusion has just been made to the androconia or male scales occurring 

 sometimes in this subfamily ; with the exception of the Euploeinae and the 

 Argynnidi this is the only group of Nymphalidae in which they are fre- 

 quently present ; and so fVir as known they possess here the uniform char- 

 acter of exceedingly attenuated scales with a tasselled tip. They by no 

 means occur in all genera, and sometimes show no external sign of their 

 presence ; they are generally found upon the upper surface of the front 

 wings, and often in the form of an oblique stigma. In some Asiatic 

 species, according to Thwaites (Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i: 13) they are 

 present as "a pair of curious pencils of hair which each lie within a fold of 

 the upper Aving, and which are capable of being spread out radiately dur- 

 ing the insect's flight." I am not aware that any odor has been detected 

 in any of them ; I have l^een able to detect none in our two species of 

 Oeneis. About half of our species possess no androconia. 



Some instructive memoranda are furnished by Mr. Edwards upon the 

 characteristics of the early stages of our Satyrids in the Canadian entom- 

 ologist, XV : (38, based on his extensive knowledge through breeding. The 

 facts there brought forward show that the arrangement of the genera com- 

 monly adopted in Europe is altogether unnatural, as one woidd expect to 

 find it, founded solely upon a few characters drawn from the neuration of 

 the wings ; an excellent opportunity for inaugurating a new and more 

 substantial classification is now open to the general student. 



Little is known of the enemies of the Satyrinae. The sluggish habits of 

 the caterpillar must subject them to hymenopterous attacks, against which 

 they have only their nocturnal life to guard them, for nearly without excep- 

 tion, they feed exclusively by night. The caterpillars of the genus Oeneis 

 Avith their peculiar habitats are known to be specially subject to such insect 

 foes. The butterflies with their gentle flight, almost always in or near 

 shrubbery, are also specially subject, one would think, to attack by birds. 

 And Gentry tells us that he has often found them in tlic stomachs of such 

 birds as the night hawk (Chordeiles virginianus), the Acadian flycatcher 

 (Empidonax acadicus), the wood pewee (Contopus virens), and the scarlet 

 tanager (Pirangra rubra). 



