SATYRINAE: TIIK (JKNIJS CEUCYOXIS. 159 



eqiial sot-tions. Siirfaco (•ov('n'<1 abundantly ^vitll minute, conical papillae, each bearing 

 a backward-dircctcil l)liint-tipp('d or minutely fork-tipped liair t^vo or three times as 

 long as the papilla. S|)iracles minute, oval. Icnticnlin-. Lei:s small, conical. Prolegs 

 rather stout, sliort, conical. 



Chrysalis. ( )n a side view the ventral margin is perfectly straight 1)elow until the 

 ^ving cases are reached, then it is gently, slightly, and broadly sAvoUen, beyond which 

 it is again straight on the tapering abdomen. The anterior margin is straight or 

 slightly full, at scarcely less than a right angle with the vejitral margin, sharply angled 

 next it and in tiie opposite direction melting into the thoracic ridge, which is full, well 

 rounded and moderately liigli, separated from the abdominal arch by a gentle angula- 

 tion. The dorsum of the first four abdominal segments and the metathorax is very 

 gently and l)roadly arched, so that this part of the l)ody is sube(|ual, l)eyond which it 

 falls rapidly aAvay toward the cremaster, but with a tolerably strong arch. The cre- 

 master is inclined at an angle of about 4.")° with the ventral surface of the abdomen, 

 equal as viewed laterally. Viewed from the back the occUar tubercles are connected 

 by a straight line and separated from the basal wing tubercles (each of which is a 

 little farther from the neighboring ocellar tubercles than the latter from each other) by 

 a itniform concavity ; above the basal wing tubercles, which are scarcely pnmiinent, the 

 body is equal nearly to the tips of the wing cases and then tapers, at first slowly after- 

 ward rapidly, to the cremaster, which continues the tapering form to the s(|uarely trun- 

 cate tip. The wings reach the extremity of the scultured portion of the fourth 

 abdominal segment, the tongue slightly surpassing them and the antennae slightly 

 shorter than they. 



This is an American genus Avith a considerable number of species, 

 mostly occurring in the western half of the continent, but whose limits and 

 relations are not yet clearly determined. The dozen nominal species are 

 all variable and run into one another by intergrades, and indeed probably 

 cross Avith each other wherever their boundaries overlap. In eastern 

 America there are not more than three species, occupying successive belts 

 of latitude, which also overlap. In New England the genus is represented 

 by two species, a northern and a southern, which meet on common ground 

 in the middle portions of the district. 



It has been generally conceded of late years that these two types of 

 butterflies Avere only dimorphic forms of a single species, and I have 

 myself shared in this view, which has been supposed proven by the 

 breeding experiments and direct comparisons of a large amount of 

 material made by Ixhvards, who, far more than all other observers 

 too;ether, has increased our knowledge of the natural historv of these 

 butterflies. 



He has instituted comparisons between them at every stage of life, and 

 while he sees differences bet^veen caterpillars and chrysalids born of dif- 

 ferent types, he finds no constant and universal distinctions ; while as to the 

 relation of the early stages to the butterflies, he has proved by breeding 

 that "south of the belt of dimorphism," as he calls that strip of country 

 where C alope and C nephele both occur, "alope produced alope, but inside 

 the belt, alope produced intergrades, and nephele produced alope and 

 also an intergrade . • . That nephele, north of the belt, breeds true is 

 certain, because the intergrades and alope are not found here." This 



