174 THE BUTTERFLIES OF KEAV ENGLAXD. 



therms of 45° and 50° ; it extends westward certainly as far as the foot-hills 

 of the Rocky Mountains, where it has been taken north of our boundary 

 by Geddes, in the Judith and Big Horn Mountains by ]Morrison, in Colo- 

 rado by Mead, Osten Sacken, Snow and myself, and in New Mexico by 

 Snow. It is most abundant on the western prairies of Iowa, Wisconsin 

 and northern Illinois, and is found also in Kansas (Snow), Nebraska (Car- 

 penter), jNIichigan (Harrington) and eastward, north of about 42° N. 

 Lat. Mr. Saunders reports it "rare" at London, but "common" at 

 St. Catherines, Ontario ; Edwards says it occurs in nortliern Ohio ; speci- 

 mens have l)cen sent l)y Mr. Howell from Nichols in southern New York ; 

 INIr. Lintner has taken it at Bethlehem, Sharon Springs and Scoharie in 

 the same state, and it is common in the Catskills ; its northern limits are 

 wholly unknown, reaching, perhaps, beyond the spread of settlement. Its 

 northernmost known occurrence is in the Athabasca region (GefFcken). 

 Mr. Couper does not report it from the northern St. Lawrence, but it is 

 taken at Quebec (Bowles), River Rouge district (D' Urban) and Ottawa 

 (Billings, Fletcher), and is abundant near Annapolis in Nova Scotia 

 (Jones) . 



It is found over the whole northern half of New England in great 

 abundance ; the only locality in which I have met with it in Massachusetts 

 is the elevated region about Williamstown, but it undoubtedly approaches 

 closely to the northern limits of the state, and is found throughout Maine. 



Life history, etc It is found in open woods and frequents the thistle 

 in pasture ground near tlie edge of woods. In northern New England, 

 the butterfly usually makes its appearance a little before the middle of 

 July. Miss AVads worth tells me that it has a})peared at Hallo well. Me., 

 on July 12 for three successive years. Mr. Fletcher, however, has taken 

 it as early as June 28 at Ottawa, Canada ; in the west also it is earlier 

 than in New England ; but in the deeper valleys of the White Mountains 

 it sometimes fails to make its nppearance until nearly a month later. It 

 does not continue quite so long on the wing as C. alope, at least in New 

 England, but generally disappears in August. It is single brooded. Mr. 

 Edwards has described its earlier stages ; the butterfly has been taken 

 pairing with C. alope and closely resembles this species in the time of its 

 appearance. The eggs are laid on grass in the latter part of August, 

 many being dropped loosely on the ground by females in confinement ; the 

 c(y<rs hatch in a month's time and, as with C. aloiie, the caterpillars go at 

 once into hibernation. After hibernation " the coloration in all the 

 stages ... is that of the grass the larva feeds on, or very nearly, and the 

 larvae, although so slow in their motions, fall from the stems at the least 

 alarm ; so that they are sufficiently protected in their natural state against 

 most enemies." (Edwards.) 



Flight and posture. Tlic flight of this species is altogether like that 



