MODES OF SUSPENSION IN CIIRYSALIDS. 201 



found north of the southern United States, where it has two representa- 

 tives ; one of these has been known to occur in close proximity to New 

 Eng-hmd. 



Tlic butterflies are of a nearly uniform dark brown, the upper surface 

 immaculate, excepting sometimes a submarginal row of dark spots on the 

 middle of the hind wings ; the under surface is traversed by a pair of dis- 

 tant, darker or lighter, slender stripes across the midtlle, and, in addition, in 

 the middle of the outer half of the hind wing, a series of longitudinally 

 fusiform, ocellate spots or a very large brightly colored spot, apparently 

 formed by a blending or suffusion of these. 



Little has been published concerning the seasons of these butterflies. 

 There are probably at least two annual broods, and the winter is passed in 

 the larval state. The eggs arc nearly globular and reticulate. The cater- 

 pillars are nuich like those of Cissia in shape, but are slenderer, taper more 

 toward the head, are longitudinally striped with shades of green, and have 

 a more distinct coronal tubercle, sometimes one as long as in Satyrodes, 

 which it then strongly resembles. The chrysalis also closely resembles 

 that of Cissia in shape, but is slenderer, the head is more produced, the 

 ocellar tubercles project beyond the front of the head, while the abdominal 

 segments taper so as to be almost conical, and have no longitudinal 

 carinae. 



EXCURSUS v.— THE MODES OF SUPS ENS ION OF 

 CHBYSALIDS. 



Brown shell first for the butterfly 

 And a bright wing by and by. 



Butterfly, good-by to your shell, 

 And, bright wings, speed you well. 



RossETTi.— Chimes. 



With few exceptions, the caterpillars of butterflies do not and those 

 of moths do make cocoons or consti'uct cells in which to change to chrysa- 

 lids, and the transformations of the former are, also with rare exceptions, 

 carried out in the open air, albeit often in concealment. Yet the silken 

 shrouds made (with but two or three known exceptions) by all the cater- 

 pillars of butterflies, when about to assume the chrysalis stage, must cer- 

 tainly be looked upon as remnants or reminiscences of cocoons which 

 become less and less marked as we recede in structure from the moths. 



Thus the cocoon of the moth is usually a more or less dense structure, 

 in which the pupa lies loosely in a horizontal position ; or it is made partly 

 of foreign substances connected by a close tissue of silk, answering the 

 same end ; or it may be a compact oval cell in the ground, sometimes 

 lined with silk. The lowest fiimily of butterflies, the skippers, also under- 



