248 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. 



perforated instead of lifted up." Chalcis ovata Say (88: 14-15) has also 

 been bred in September from chrysalids found by Mr. Riley in South Caro- 

 lina ; and Limneria fugitiva by Mundt. The destruction of life during 

 the winter from natural causes and marauding insectivorous creatures must 

 be enormous. Miss Murtfeldt found a young Celtis on her lawn, where "in 

 many cases the entire under surfaces of certain leaves would be covered 

 with the tiny larvae, stretched side by side in rank after rank from tip to 

 base," yet the following 8})ring she was able to find on the tree but three 

 or four nearly full grown caterpillars. " Considering the vast numbers 

 that were on the tree the previous autumn, one is almost appalled at the 

 waste of life permitted by Nature." 



Desiderata. The most interesting and important questions concerning 

 this species relate to to its life history and its dimorphism. Its behavior 

 at different latitudes needs investigation to show the relation between its 

 history in the northern part of its range, where it is apparently single 

 brooded, and in the southern, where, unless the butterfly hibernates (as is 

 highly improbable), it is certainly double brooded. The difference of 

 the behavior in different broods of caterpillars raised by Mr. Edwards 

 may be accounted for when this is clearly understood. This knowledge 

 becomes of greater importance in its relation to the dimorphism of the 

 butterfly, which appears to be quite independent of season in the north ; and 

 if we have here only a single brood, it will be difficult to corellate this 

 dimorphism with that (almost exactly parallel so far as the effect produced) 

 which is found in the digoneutic species of Polygonia ; so that here is an 

 ample field for study, wliere experimentation also may have full scope ; 

 some southern lepidopterist in one of the larger cities, where ice is artifi- 

 cially produced, ought to apply himself to the problem. There are also 

 other points which need elucidation ; the northei-n limit of the range of the 

 butterfly ; its occurrence about New York ; the length of time in which 

 the butterfly remains in flight (throughout July in Iowa) ; the history of 

 its egg parasite ; a satisfactory reason for its rarity as compared to C. 

 celtis ; and the mode and place of hibernation of the caterpillar. 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.— CHLOBIPPE CLYTON. 



Imago. 

 PI. 16, 7. Male, upper surface, with outliue 

 of wings of female. 



9. Male, under surface. 

 33 : 10, 10 a. Male abdominal appendages. 

 38:11. Neuration. 



52 : 10. Side view of head and appendages 

 enlarged, with details of the structure o. 

 the legs. 



General. 

 PI. 19, fig. 1. Distribution in North America. 

 88: 14^15. Chalcis ovata, a parasite. 



