NYMPHALINAE: THE GENUS EUGOXIA. 375 



placed on the second and third thoracic segments ; and an inf rastigmatal series placed 

 centrally on the first to the eighth abdominal segments. The spines are very long and 

 stout, not quite straight, but bending slightly toward each principal spinule. Each 

 spine -with from three to seven spinules of nearly e^iual length, and about one-fourtli 

 the length of the spine, rather slender and tapering, armed at tip, like the spine, with 

 a ratlier short, tapering, thorny bristle, the spinules emitted Avith great irregularity in 

 the middle two-fifths of the spine ; the spines are also covered with infrequent minia- 

 ture spinules, each emitting a rather long, delicate hair. Spiracles obovate, twice as 

 long as l)road. Legs rather long and not stout, tapering gently. 



Chrysalis. Resembles Polygonia in almost every particular ; the anterior half of the 

 under surface is slightly curved longitudinally ; on a side view the ocellar tubercles are 

 rather slender, the lower surface being placed at a slight angle with the portion behind, 

 and the upper surface also forming a slight angle with the dorsum of the pro- and meso- 

 thorax, instead of being continuous with it as in Polygonia. Dorsal projection of the 

 mesonotum not compressed so strongly as in Polygonia, not very large, moderately 

 high, nearly as high as long, highest posteriorly, the anterior border curved but littleand 

 irregularly, the posterior border straight and perpendicular or slightly inclined ; the 

 supralateral tubercles of the mesonotum and metanotum are more prominent than in 

 Polygonia, being higher than broad and the former without any inferior ridge. Ann] 

 booklets like those of Polygonia, but rather more strongly curved. 



This genus includes five known species, comprising butterflies generally 

 above the average size, three belonging to the Old and two to the New 

 World. They are all peculiar to the north temperate zone and nearly or 

 quite girdle the earth. Two of the species, vau-album and xanthomelas 

 (the former closely allied to our single New England form and by some 

 authors considered identical with it) , are confined to central and eastern 

 Europe ; a third, polychloros, is spread over nearly the whole of Europe 

 and all of the northern half of Asia ; a fourth, californica, occurs on the 

 Avestern coast of America in California and Oregon ; and the last, j-album, 

 is found along the boundary between the United States and Canada from 

 the Eocky Mountains to the Atlantic ; and also throuo^hout New Eno-land. 



A fossil butterfly, Eugonia atava, found in the tertiary beds of Rado- 

 boj in Croatia, appears from the description and illustration given by Heer 

 to belong also to this genus and to resemble most closely that section 

 which includes our New England species. 



The butterflies strongly resemble those of the preceding genus in the 

 form, color and design of the wings, but on the upper surface of the fore 

 wings the costal markings are much heavier ; the hind wings are bordered 

 nearly or quite as distinctly as the fore wings, and all their darker mark- 

 ings are confined to the costal and subcostal areas ; the central comma-like 

 mark beneath is reduced to a faint, short, bent line often nearly obsolete. 



The butterflies are single or double brooded and pass the winter in the 

 imago state ; polychloros, according to ^Nlr. Stainton, hurries to its winter 

 quarters as soon as it escapes from its chrysalis in the autumn ; it then 

 appears early in the spring as if fresh from the pupa, and has therefore 

 been supposed by some (Meyer Diir, Prittwitz, etc.) to winter both as a 

 chrysalis and as an imago : Avhcther the other European buttei-flies of this 



