NYMPHALINAE: EUVANE8SA ANTIOPA. 407 



in the chrysalis state for sixteen days and the butterflies appear again early 

 in September, sometimes by the first, usually not until the Gth or 8th ; 

 they continue to emerge from the chrysalis even to the first week in Octo- 

 ber* and remain upon the wing through October and, if the weather is 

 favorable, the early part of November. Saunders says (Can. ent., i : 75- 

 7(5) that " about the middle of June, the imago becomes very scarce, 

 then disappears until the advent of the second brood early in August " ; 

 but I think there must be some mistake in this ; for it is scarcely possible 

 that the broods of this insect in London, Ont., correspond with those in 

 the White Mountain district and similar regions with a limited summer, 

 where there appears to be but a single brood, appearing about the end of 

 the first week in August. The same, according to Fernald, is the case in 

 central Maine. In the extreme southern states, on the other hand, there 

 are probably three broods, for Abbot records the disclosure of a butterfly 

 in Georgia on the 4th of May, eleven days in the chrysalis, and this cer- 

 tainly allows time for two more broods. 



Hibernation. The ])utterfly hibernates late in the autumn. Gosse 

 says, " one of the latest seen of all our buttei-flies." Harris states that 

 he has found it "in midwinter sticking to the rafters of a barn," as Mr. 

 Grote has since done, "and in the crevices of walls and stone heaps, 

 huddled together in great numbers, with the wings doubled together 

 above the back and apparently benumbed and lifeless ; but it soon re- 

 covers its activity on being exposed to warmth." It may also be found 

 singly in similar situations. Mr. Holden found a specimen in February 

 on the underside of a board lying on the ground ; and in Mr. Edwards's 

 Butterflies of North America will be found an account of some found in 

 the cavity of a tree. Siewers says " it is occasionally found in stone piles, 

 but I think its most common hiding place is in the culvert walls of our 

 country roads," and Caulfield "under stones on dry, sunny slopes, with 

 scattered trees." De Garmo saw it select "the open end of a street 

 drain built of stone. For two or three days it remained there, but a 

 warm sun called it out and I tried to catch it. It was very active and 

 alert, but finally went to its hiding place, where it felt so perfectly secure 

 that I took it in my fingers with ease" (Trans. Vass. inst., ii : 132). I 

 once found it hidden in the interior of a woodpile. In Europe, von Ho- 

 mayer says it selects corded wood in the forest. 



But it is also a question whether some chrysalids of the autumn brood, — 

 there at least where two broods occur, — do not also continue suspended 

 throughout the winter and disclose the butterfly in the spring. Mr. Lintner 

 in his remarks published many years ago upon this species, says of the 

 autumn generation ; "A portion only of the chrysalids of this brood — those 



*0n one occasion I found a full i^rown but 20. It hung up the same day and emerged 

 starved caterpillar in Cambridge, September about the middle of October. 



