NYMPHALINAE: THE (JEXUS JUNONIA. 487 



Desiderata. Cardui is one of the best siil)joct8 of stutly for those who 

 wish to investi«(iite the causes of irrcguhir appariticni : and only those who 

 spend much time in the field can hoi)e to solve the problem ; a close 

 observation of the comparative abundance of the buttei-fly for several con- 

 secutive years in the same locality, accompanied by the attempt to rear 

 hundreds of the caterpillars, selecting only those which are very nearly 

 full-grown, and recording the proportion of healthy and infested ones, 

 will probably show whether the attack of parasites is a vera causa. The 

 hibernation of the chrysalis in America (or even in Europe?) may still 

 be deemed an o|)en question. 



LIST OF ILLUSTBATIONS.-VANESSA (JARDUI. 



General. PI. 81:10. Nest. 



PI. 21, fig. 1. Distribution in North America. 86:69-73. Dermal appendages, stages i-v. 



88:1. Ichneumon rufiventris , a parasite. Chrysalis 



3. Trogusexesorius, another parasite. pi. 83, fig. 60. Side view. 

 89: n. Exonstablanda, a dipterous para- gl. Side view in outHne. 



62. Dorsal view in outline. 



PI. 64, fig. 30. Plain. " pi o «. i t» *, ^''^f^'^- 



' J' ,f . , PI- 2, fig. 1. Both surfaces, colored. 



6(:7. Micropyle. io.t t> ♦>, j. i • 



•' 12 : 7. Both surfaces, plain. 



Cutei-pillar. 33:31. Male abdominal appendages, 



PI. 74, fig. 37. Mature caterpillar. 61: 35. Papilla of tongue. 



78:61-63. Front views of head, stages iii-v. 54. Tongue with papillae. 



JUNONIA HUBNER. 



Junonia Hiibn., Verz. bek. Schmett., 34 Alcyoneis Hiiljn., Verz. bek. Schmett., .35 

 (1816). (1816). 



Type. — Fapilio lavinia Cram 



Voyez ce papillon aux couleurs euflamm^es, 

 Avec quatre ailes d'or, d'yeux de pourpre sem6es. 

 Etre agile, 6th6r6, fohltre.gracieux, 

 Promenant en zigzags son vol capricieux, 

 II va, revient, repart, monte, descend, touruoie, 

 Baise, en passant, les fleurs ou sa trompe se noie, 

 Joyau vivant que Dieu, qui I'a colori6, 

 A de riches fleurons partout amori6. 



PoMMiKR.— ie Pap illon-Espoir. 



Imago (53:8). Head pretty large, rather uniformly and densely clothed with 

 not very long hairs. Front moderately full, a very little protuberant in the middle 

 below, narrower than the eyes, slightly broader than high, above distinctly hollowed 

 in the middle and connected by a shallow channel to the vertex, the upper edge being 

 hollowed in advance of the antennae and projecting strongly forward in the middle, 

 its edges slightly elevated; lower edge pretty strongly and regularly convex, not 

 abrupt. Vertex transverse, rather tumid, with a longitudinal appressed indentation 

 behind and a slight, shallow, longitudinal channel in front; posterior edge of the eyes 

 opposite that of the vertex. Eyes rather large, full, naked. Antennae inserted in the 

 middle of the summit, in distinct slight pits, their interior bases separated by the 

 width of the second antennal joint, their exterior close to the margin of the eye ; about 

 half as long again as the abdomen, composed of thirty-rive joints, the terminal nine o r 



