NYMPIIAUNAE: JUNONIA COENIA. 501 



liajw tliere is still another brood, as in Georgia, l)y Al)l)()t's notes, a butterfly 

 einergeil from the chrysalis, after hanging a fortnight, on October 14, but 

 according to Dr. Chapman the autumn brood docs not become numer- 

 ous until earlv in October, and butterflies continue to emerg-e until the 

 middle of that month, and are abundant until November. Doubleday, who 

 observed it in Florida and elsewhere, says it is "two-brooded, the autum- 

 nal brood, hybernating, and giving rise to a brood of larvae which are 

 full grown in April, and of which the perfect insect appears early in May." 

 Miss Murtfeldt found parasitized eggs giving out the parasite on August 

 2.S in Missouri, so that it is probable the eggs are laid there about the mid- 

 dle of that month; three were found "deposited at the tips and on the 

 under side of as many leaves'' of Gerardia. 



It is possible that there are two broods at the north ; as the butterfly 

 has been found in New England by far most frequently in the latter 

 half of August and in September, there is every reason to believe that 

 here too the butterfly hibernates ; and the number of specimens taken and 

 the occasional capture of a July butterfly in a fresh condition suggests that 

 the butterfly sometimes survives the winter, and that the July butterflies are 

 their descendants ; of a spring brood, however, there are no signs whatever, 

 the earliest recorded capture being July 18. Probably all the August 

 specimens belong to this brood. It is possible indeed that there is but a 

 single brood, the later fresh specimens being the laggards of a butterfly 

 that has ventured too far north. But it seems to me most probable that all 

 the July and early August specimens are immigrants from further south, 

 and the September brood the only one born in New England, except in 

 its southernmost portions ; in that case we must suppose that all the 

 hibernators perish. The fact that a specimen has been taken in July as 

 far north and east as Bangor, where it can scarcely be believed to be indi- 

 genous (or it would have been seen again), the absence of a spring brood 

 and the known powers of flight of the butterfly seem to make the migra- 

 tory hypothesis the more probable ; against it there is only the freshness 

 of some of the July buttei-flies. 



Habits, etc. The buttei^fly has a rapid, strong and enduring flight, 

 and according to Mr. Sprague is fond of the flowers of the golden rod. 

 Doubleday says its flight is "somewhat like that of Pyrameis cardui or 

 still more that of Euptoieta claudia." 



Parasites. A species of Apanteles, A. junoniae, has been found by 

 Dr. Riley on this caterpillar, and Miss Murtfeldt discovered that it has an 

 egg-parasite, but no specimens are preserved. 



Desiderata. It is plain that the sketch given above of the annual his- 

 tory of this butterfly is liable to much modification from futin-e investiga- 

 tion, which we hope may be brought forward at an early day ; we can 

 hardly expect to become confident about the New England history of an 



